m w ii'illiiliiii' M illii iiiiiliiii V mt!!F /' X may ' ^> ^^ "^y. %, ".77 Discselis 144 Parnassius 1.77 Vespa proper Polistes 145 145 Thais Pieris 178 178 Epiponcs 146 Colias 178 ANTHIOPHILA Apis 148 148 Danais Idea Heliconius 179 179 179 SECTIOX r. Acrsea 179 Andhenet^ 148 Cethosia 180 Hylxus 149 Argynnis 180 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. VU Melitaea 180 SECTION V. Vanessa 180 NoCTUiELITES 205 Libythea 181 Erebus 206 Biblis 181 Noctua 206 Nymphalis 182 section VI. Morpho 182 TOKTRIOES 208 Pavonia 183 Pyralis 208 Brassolis 183 Xylopoda 208 Eumenia 183 Volucra 208 Eurybia 183 Frocerata 209 Satyrus 184 Matronula 209 Erycina 184 section VII. Myrina 185 GEOMETBa; 209 Polyommatus 185 Phalxna proper 210 Barbicornis 185 Ourapteryx 210 Zephyrius 186 Meirocampe 210 Hesperia 186 Hyhernia 210 Urania 187 section VIII. CREPUSCULARIA 187 Deltoiues 211 Sphinx 187 Herminia 211 Agarista 188 SECTION IX. Coronis 188 TiNEITES 212 Castnia 189 Botys 213 Sphinx proper 189 Hydrocampe 213 Acherontia 190 Aglossa 213 Macroglossum 190 Galleria 214 Smerinthus 190 Crambus 215 Sesia 191 Alucita 215 Thyris 191 Eiiplocatnpus 215 ^^gocera 192 Phycis 215 Zygsena 192 Tinea 216 Syntomis 193 Ilithyia 216 Psicothoe 193 Yponomeuta 217 Atychia 193 CEcophora 217 Procris 193 Adela 217 NOCTURNA 194 SECTION X. Phalasna SECTION I. 195 FlSSIPENN^ Pterophorus Orneodes 218 218 219 Hepialites , Hepialus Cossus 196 196 RHIPIPTERA 219 196 Sty lop 3 221 Stygia 197 Xenos 221 Zeuzeura 197 DIPTERA 222 SECTION II. NEMOCERA 226 BOJIBXCITES 197 Culex 227 Saturnia 198 Culex proper 229 Lasiocampa 199 Anopheles 229 Bombyx proper 199 -Edes 229 SECTION III. Sahethes 229 Pseudo-Bomb YCES 201 Mega7-hinus 230 Sericaria 201 Prosophora 230 Notodonta 202 Tipula 230 Orgyia 202 Corethra 231 Limacodes 203 Chironomus 231 Psyche 203 Tanypus 231 Chelonia 203 Ceratopogon 232 Callimorpha 204 Psychoda 232 Lithosia 204 Cecidomyia 232 SECTION IV- Lestremia 232 Apostjba 204 Ctenophora 233 Dicranoura 204 Pedicia 233 Platypterix 205 Tipula proper 234 Vlll Systematic index. Nephrotoma 234 Ptychoptera 234 Uhipidia 235 Erioptera 235 Lasioptera 235 Limnobia 335 Polymera 235 Trichocera 235 Macropeza 236 Dixa 236 Msekistocera 236 Hexatoma 236 Anisomera 236 Nematocera 236 Cliionea 237 l{li3'phus 237 Asindulum 238 Gnorista 238 IJolitophila 238 Macrocera 238 Mycetophila 239 Leia 239 Sciophila 239 Platyura 239 Synapha 239 Mycetobia 240 Molobrus 240 Campylomyza 240 Ceroplateus 240 Cordyla 241 Siniulium 241 Scathopse 241 Penthelria 242 Dilophus 242 Bibio 242 Aspistes 243 TANYSTOMA 244 Asilus 244 Laphria 245 Ancilorhynchus 245 Dasypogon 245 Ceraturgus 246 Dioctria 246 Asilus proper 246 Ommatius 247 Gonypus 247 Q^dalea 247 Hybos 247 Ocydromia 247 Empis 248 Empis proper 248 Kamphomyia 248 Hilaria 248 Bracliystoma 248 Gloma 249 Hemerodromia 249 Sicus 249 Drapetis 249 Cyrtus 249 Cyrtus proper 250 Panops 250 Astomella 250 Henops 250 Acrocera 250 Bombylius 250 Toxophora 251 Xestomyza 251 Apatomyza 251 Lasius 252 Usia 252 Phthiria 252 Bombylius proper 252 Geron 253 Thlipsormyza 253 Corsomyza 253 • Tomomyza 253 Ploas 253 Cylleiiia 253 Anthrax 253 Stygides 254 Anthrax proper 254 Hirmoneura 254 Mulio 255 Nemestrina 255 Fallenia 255 Colax 255 Thereva 256 Leptis 257 Atherix 257 Leptis proper 257 Chrysophilus 257 Clinocera 258 Dolichopus 258 Ortochile 259 Dolichopus proper 259 Sybistroma 259 Kaphium 260 Porphyrops 260. Mcdeterus 260 liydrophorus 260 Chrysotus 260 Psilopus 260 Diaphorus 260 Calomyia 261 Platypeza 26] Pipunculus 2'>1 Scenopinus 261 TABANIDES 262 Tabanus 262 Pang-onia 263 Philochile 263 Tabanus proper 263 Rhinomyza 263 Sylvius 264 Chrysops 265 Hsematopota 265 Hexatoma 265 NOTACANTHA 265 Mydas 267 Cephalocera 267 Mydas proper 267 Chiromyza 267 Pachystomus 268 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. IX Xylophagus 268 Hermetia 268 Xylophagus proper 268 Acanthomera 269 Raphiorhynchus 269 Coenomyia 269 Beris 270 Cyphomyia 270 Ptilodactylus 270 Platyna 270 Stratiomys 271 Stratiomys proper 271 Odontomyia 272 Ephippium 272 Oxycera 272 Nemotelus 273 Chrysochlora 273 Sargus 273 Vappo 274 THERICERA 275 TRIBE I. SxRPUIDiB 276 Syrphus 276 Volucella 277 Sericomyia 277 Eristalis 277 Mallota 278 Helophilus 278 Syrphus proper 279 Chrysogaster 279 Baccha 280 Paragus 280 Sphecomyia 280 Psarus 280 Chrysotoxum 281 Ceria 281 Callicera 281 Ceratophyta 282 Aphritis 282 Merodon 282 Ascia 282 Spheglna 283 Eumerus 283 Milesia 283 Pipiza 284 Brachyopa 284 Rhingia 284 Pelecocera 284 TRIBE II. OESTBIDES 285 CEstrus 286 Cuterebra 287 Cephenemyia 287 CEdemagena 287 Hypoderma 287 Cephalemyia 287 (Estrus proper 287 Qastrus 287 TRIBE III. CoNOPSARIiE 288 Conops 289 Vol. IV.— (2) Systropus 289 Conops proper 289 Zodion 290 Myopa 290 Stomoxys 290 Prosena 290 Bucentes 290 Carnus 290 TRIBE IT. MtrsciDEs 291 Musca 292 Echinomyia 293 Fabrida 293 Gonia 294 Miltogramma 294 Trixa 294 Gymnosomyia 294 Cistogaster 294 Phasia 295 Trichopoda 295 Lophosia 295 Ocyptera 295 Melanophora 297 Phania 297 Xysta 297 Tachina 297 Dexia 298 Musca proper 298 Sarcophaga 299 Achias 300 Idia 300 Lispe 300 Argyritis 300 Anthomyia 301 Diymeia 302 Coenosia 302 Eriphia 302 Ropalomera 303 Ochtera 303 Ephydra 303 Notiphila 303 Thyrephora 305 Sphserocera 305 Dialyta 306 Cordylura 306 Scatophaga 306 Loxocera 306 Chyliza 307 Lissa 307 Psilomyia 307 Geomyza 307 Tetanura 307 Tanypeza 307 Lonchoptera 308 Heleomyza 308 Dryomyza 308 Sapromyza 309 Oscinis 309 Chlorups 309 Piophila 310 Otites 310 Euthvcera 310 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Sepedon 311 Tetanocera 311 Micropeza 3U Calobota 312 Diopsis 313 Cephalla 313 Sepsis 313 Oi-tulis 314 Tetanops 314 Tephritis 314 Platystoma 315 Celyphiis 316 Laiixania 316 Timia 316 Ulidia 316 Mosillus 316 Homalura 317 Gymnomyza 317 Lonchsea 317 Phora 317 PUPIPARA 318 Hippobosca 321 Hippobosca prope r322 Ornithomyia 322 Feronia 322 Slenepteryx 322 Oxypterum 322 Strebla 323 Melophagus 323 Lipotena 323 Nycteribia 323 Bai'iila 323 ADIATA 325 ECHINODERMATA 329 PEDICELLATA 330 Asterias 330 Asterias proper 331 Ophiura Euryales (Gorgono - cephala, Leach) 333 Comatula (Alecto, Leach) 333 Encrinus 334 Apiocrinites 334 Encrinites 334 Pentacrinus 334 Plat3'crinite3 334 Poteriocrinites 334 Cyathocrlnites 334 Actinocrinites 334 Rhodocrinites 335 Eugeniacrlnites 335 Echinus 335 Echinus proper 336 Echinoneus 337 Nucleolites 338 Galerites 338 Scutella 338 Rotula 339 Cassidulus 339 Anachites 339 Clypeaster 340 Fibularla 340 Spatangus 340 Brissoides 340 Brissus 340 Holothuria 341 APOD A 343 Molpadia 343 Minyas 344 Priapulus 344 Lilhoderma 344 Sipunculus 345 Bonellia 345 Thalassema 346 Thalassema proper 346 Echiurus 346 Sternapsis 347 ENTOZOA 348 NEMATOIDEA 350 Filaria 350 Trichocephalus 351 Trichostoma 352 Oxyuris 352 Cucullanus 352 Ophiostoma 352 Ascaris 353 Strongylus 354 Spiroptera 355 Physaloptera 355 Sclerostoma 355 Liorhynchus 355 Pentastoma 355 Prionoderma 356 Lernsea 356 Lern?ea proper 357 Pennella 358 Sphyrion 358 Anchorella 358 Brachiella 358 Clavella 359 Chondracanthus 359 Nemerles 360 Tabularia 360 Ophiocephalus 360 Cerebratula 360 PARENCHYMATA 361 ACANTHOCEPHALA 361 Echinorhynchus 361 Haeruca 362 TREMATODEA 363 Fasciola 363 Festucaria 363 Strigea 363 Caryophyllaeus 364 Distoma 364 Holostoma 365 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XI Polystoma 365 Calpes 386 Cyclocotyle 365 Abyles 386 Tristoma 365 Cuboides 386 Hectocotyle Aspidogaster Planaria 366 366 367 Navicula POLYPI CARNOSl S86 387 388 Prostoma 367 Actinia 388 Derostoma 368 Actinia proper Thalassiantha 389 390 TJENIOIDEA 368 Discosoma 390 Taenia 368 Zoanthus 390 Tricuspidaria 369 Lucernaria 390 Bothryocephalus 370 GELATINOSI 391 Dibothryorhynchus 370 Hydra 391 Floriceps 370 Corine 392 Tetrarhynchus 371 Cristatella 393 Tentacularia 371 Vorticella 393 Cysticercus 371 Pedicellaria 393 Coenurus 372 CORALLIFERI 394 Scolex 372 TUBULARII 394 CESTOIDEA 373 Tubipora 395 Ligula 373 Tubularia 395 ACALEPHA 374 Tubularia marina 396 SIMPLICIA 374 Tibiana 396 Medusa 374 Cornularia 396 Medusa proper 375 Ang-uinaria 396 ^quorea 375 Campanularia 397 Phorcynia 375 Clytia 397 Foveolia 376 Laomedea 397 Pelagia 376 Sertularia 397 Cyanasa 376 Aglaophenia 397 Rhyzostoma 377 Amatia 398 Cephea 378 Antennularia 398 Cassiopea 378 Sertularia proper 398 Astoma 378 CELLULARII 399 Berenix 379 Cellularia 399 Endora 379 Crisia 399 Carybdea 379 Acamarchis 399 lieroe 379 Loricula 400 Idya 380 Eucratea 400 Doliolum 380 Electra 400 Callianira 380 Salicorniara 400 Janira 380 Flustra 400 Alcynoe Ocyroe Cestum 380 381 Cellepora 401 381 Tubulipora 401 Porpita 381 Corallina 402 Velella 382 Corallina proper 402 HYDROSTATICA 383 Amphiroea Jania 402 403 Physalia 383 Cymopolia 403 Physsopora 384 Penicilla 403 Physsopora proper 384 llalymedes 403 Hippopus 384 Flabellaria 404 Cupulita 385 Galaxaura 404 Racemida 385 Liagora 404 Rhizophyza 385 Anadiomene 404 Stephanomia 385 Acetabulum 405 Diphyes 385 Polyphysa 405 Diphyes proper 386 CORTICATI 405 Xll SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Ceratoputta 406 Antipathes 406 Gorgonia 406 Plexaures 407 Eunicea 407 Muricea 407 Primnoa 407 LiTHOPUTTA 407 Isis 407 Corallium 408 MeUt3ea 408 Isis proper 408 Mop sea 408 Madrepora 408 Fungia 408 Turbinolia 409 Caryophyllia 409 Oculina 409 Madrepora proper 410 Pocillopora 410 Serialopora 410 Astrea 410 Explanaria 410 Pontes 410 Meandrina 410 Pavonia 411 Hydnophora 411 Agaricina 411 Sarcinula 411 Stylina 411 Millepora 411 Disticopliora 412 Millepora proper 412 Eschara 412 lletepora 412 Adeona 412 Natantes 413 Pennatula 413 Pennatula proper 413 Virgularia 414 Scirpearia 414 Pavonaria 414 Renilla 41.4 Veretillum 414 Ombellularia 414 Ovulites 415 Lunulites 415 Orbulites 415 Dactylopora 415 Alctoxes 416 Alcyonium 416 Thethya 416 Spongia 417 INFUSORIA 418 ROTIFER A 418 Furcularia 419 Trichocerca 419 Vaginicola 419 Tubicolaria 420 Brachionus 420 HOMOGENEA 420 Ureolaria 421 Trichoda 421 Leucophra 421 Kerona 421 Himantopes 421 Cercaria 421 Vibrio 422 Enchelis 422 Cyclidium 422 Paramecium 422 Kolpoda 422 Gonium 422 Bursaria 422 Proteus 423 Monas 423 Volvox 423 THIRD GREAT DIVISION OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. CRUSTACEA, ARACHNIDES, AND INSECTA: OR ARTICULATED ANIMALS WITH ARTICULATED FEET. INSECTA. ORDER VI. ORTHOPTERA(l). In the Insects of this order, partly confounded by Linnseus with the Hemiptera, and reunited by Geoffroy to the Coleop- tera, but as a particular division, we find the body generally less indurated than in the latter, and soft, semi-membranous elytra furnished with nervures, which, in the greater num- ber, do not join at the suture in a straight line. Their wings are folded longitudinally, most frequently in the manner of a fan, and divided by membranous nervures running in the same direction. The maxillae are always terminated by a dentated and horny piece covered with a galea, an appendage corre- sponding to the exterior division of the maxillie of the Cole- optera. They have also a sort of tongue or epiglottis. (1) The Ulonata, Fab. Vol IV.— a INSECT A. The Orthoptera(l ) undergo a semi metamorphosisj of which all the mutations are reduced to the growth and development of the elytra and wings, that are always visible in a rudi- mental state in the nymph. As both this nymph and the larva are otherwise exactly similar to the perfect Insect, they walk and feed in the same w^ay. The mouth of the Orthoptera consists of alabrum, two man- dibles, as many maxillsB, and four palpi ; those of the jaws always have five joints ; whilst the labials, as in the Coleoptera, present but three. The mandibles are always very strong and corneous, and the ligula is constantly divided into two or four thongs. The form of the antennse varies less than in the Coleoptera, but they are usually composed of a greater num- ber of joints. Several, besides, their reticulated eyes, have two or three small, simple ones. The inferior surface of the first joints of the tarsi is frequently fleshy or membranous(2). Many females are furnished with a true perforator formed of two blades, frequently enclosed in a common envelope, by means of which they deposit their eggs. The posterior extre- mity of the body, in most of them, is provided with append- ages. All Orthopterous Insects have a first membranous stomach or crop, followed by a muscular gizzard armed internally with corneous scales or teeth, according to the species ; round the pylorus, except in the Forficulse, are two or more caeca, fur- nished at the bottom with several small biliary vessels. Other vessels of the same description are inserted in the intestine near the middle. The intestines of the larva are similar to those of the per- fect Insect(3). All the known Orthoptera, without exception, are terres- (1) In this order and in those of the Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Rhipip- tera, as well as in the Apterous Hexapoda, there are no aquatic species . (2) In the Acrydia, the under part of the first joint presents three pellets or divisions. (3) M. Marcel de Serres, professor of Mineralogy at Montpellier, has made the ORTHOPTEUA. 3 trial, even in their two first states of existence. Some are carnivorous or omnivorous, but the greater number feed on living plants. The species that belong to Europe produce but once a year ; this takes place towards the end of the sum- mer, which is also the period of their final transformation. We will divide the Orthoptera into two great families(l). anatomy of these animals his special study. According' to him the Orthoptera with setaceous antennae, such as the Blattae, Mantes, Gryllo-talpae, Grylli, and Lo- custje, have only elastic or tubular tracheae, which are of two kinds, arterial and pulmonary. The latter alone distribute air throughout the body, after having re- ceived it from the former. In Orthoptera with cylindrical or prismatic antennae, such as the Acrydia and Truxales, the pulmonary tracheae are replaced by those that are vesicular. They are furnished with cartilaginous hoops or movable ribs, and receive air from tubular or elastic trache. (3) The C. atra, hxmorrhoa, sanguinicollis. Germ-, Magas. der Entom., IV, p. 47. (4) Germ., Ibid., p. 7o. (5) Germ., Ibid., p. 80. 48 INSECTA. pie eyes are situated between them or laterally(l), but not near the front. These Insects are also closely allied to the Jassi by the extent of their laminae, situated along the sides of the hood, and the length of the terminal seta of thG antennae; it appears to be articulated at base as in the Cicci, from which they almost only differ in the form of the thorax(2). FAMILY 11. APHIDII. The second family of the liomopteroiis Hemiptera, or the fourth of the order, is distinguished from the preceding one by the tarsi, which are composed of but two joints, and by the filiform or setaceous antennse, which are longer than the head and have from six to eleven joints. Those individuals which are winged always have two ely- tra and two wings. These Insects are very small ; their body is usually soft, and their elytra are nearly similar to the wings, or only differ from them in being larger and somewhat thick. They are astonishingly prolific. Here the antennae are composed of from ten to eleven joints, the last of which is terminated by two setae. They possess the faculty of leaping, and form the genus PsYLLA, Geoff. — ChermeSf Lin. These Hemiptera, also called pseudo-aphides, or faux-pucerons, live on the trees and plants from which they derive their nourish- ment; both sexes are furnished with wings. Their larvae usually (1) Some species, such as the Cercopis grisea, transversa, striata, Sec, Fab., on account of their flattened head furnished neai'its edges with simple eyes, should apparently be formed into a separate subgenus. (2) Germar, Magas. derEntom., IV, p. 58, genus Tittigonia, Fab., Syst. Ryn- got, p. 61. HEMIPTERA. 49 have a very flat body, broad head, and the abdomen rounded poste- riorly. Their legs are terminated by a little membranous vesicle accompanied beneath with two hooks. Four wide and flat pieces, which are the sheaths of the elytra and wings, distinguish the nymph. Several in this state, as well as in the first, are covered with a white substance resembling cotton, arranged in flakes. Their faeces form threads or masses, of a gummy and saccharine nature. Some species, by wounding plants in order to suck their juices, produce excrescences somewhat resembling gall-nuts, particularly on their leaves or buds. Of this number is the P. buxi; Chermes buxi, L. ; Reaum., Mem., Insect., Ill, xix, 1, 14. Green, with brown-yellowish wings. Other species are also found on the Alder, Fig tree. Nettle, &c.(l) A species which lives in the flowers of the rushes has been erect- ed into a genus by Latreille, under the name of Livia. The an- tennae are much thicker infer iorly than at their extremity(2). The remaining Aphidii have but six or eight joints in the antennae ; the last is not terminated by two setae. Sometimes the elytra and wings are linear, fringed with hairs, and extended horizontally on the body, which is almost cylindrical ; the rostrum is very small or but little distinct. The tarsi are terminated by a vesicular joint without hooks. The antennae consist of eight graniform joints. Such are the Insects which form the genus Thrips, Lin. They are extremely agile, and seem to leap rather than fly. When we irritate them beyond a certain point they turn up the posterior extremity of their body in the manner of the Staphylini. They live on flowers, plants, and under the bark of trees. The largest species scarcely exceed one line in length(3). (1) See Fab., Geoff., De Geer. . (2) Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., Ill, p. 170; Arh., Faun. Insect., VI, 21. (3) See Lat, Ibid., p. ead., .ind the authors already quoted. In the organization of the mouth, I have detected characters which seem to distinguish it essentially from that of Insects of this order. M. Straus, who has studied it with admirable minuteness, thinks that Thrips belong to the order of the Orthoptera. Vol. IV.— G 50 INSECTA. Sometimes the elytra and wings, oval or triangular, and without a fringe of liairs along the margin, are inclined or tectiform. The rostrum is very distinct. The tarsi are ter- minated by two hooks, and the antennae have but six or seven joints. Such is the genus Aphis, Lin. Which we divide in the following manner. Arms, Properly so called, where the antennse are longer than the thorax and consist of seven joints, the third of which is elongated; the eyes are entire, and there are two horns or mammillse at the posterior ex- tremity of the abdomen. Almost all of them live in society on trees and plants, of which they suck the juices with their trunk. The two horns observed at the posterior extremity of the abdomen in a great number of species are hollow tubes from which little globules of a transparent, honey- like fluid frequently exude, on which the Ant eagerly feeds. In each community, during the spring and summer, we find Aphides that are always apterous, and semi-nymphs whose wings are yet to be developed; all these individuals are females, which produce living young ones that issue backwards from the venter of their mother, without previous copulation. The males, some of which are winged, and others apterous, only appear towards the end of sum- mer or in autumn. They fecundify the last generation produced by the preceding individuals, which consists of unimpregnated apterous females. After coition the latter lay their eggs on branches of trees, where they remain during the winter, and from which, in the spring, proceed little Aphides, which soon multiply without the assistance of the males. The influence of a first fecundation is also extended to seven suc- cessive generations. Bonnet, to whom we are indebted for most of these facts, by isolating the females, obtained nine generations in the space of three months. The wounds inflicted on the leaves or tender twigs of plants, by Aphides, cause those parts of the vegetable to assume a variety of forms, as may be observed on the shoots of the Lime tree, the leaves of Gooseberry bushes, Apple trees, and particularly those of the Elm, Poplar, Pistachio, in which they produce vesicles or excres- HEMIPTERA. 51 cences enclosing colonies of Aphides, and frequently an abundant saccharine fluid. Most of these Insects are covered with a farina- ceous substance, or cotton-like filaments, sometimes arranged in bun- dles. The larvse of the Hemerobii, those of several Diptera, and of Coccinellae, destroy immense numbers of Aphides. M. A. Duvau has communicated to the Academic des Sciences, the interesting re- sult of his researches on" these Insects. His Memoir has been in- serted in the Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. A. qiicrciis, L.; Reaum., Insect., Ill, xxviii, 5, 10. Brow^n; remarkable for its rostrum, which is at least thrice as long as the body. £. fagi, L.; Reaum., lb., xxvi, 1. Completely covered with white down resembling cotton(l). Aleyrodes, Lat. — Tinea, Lin. Where the antennae are shorter and hexarticulated, and the eyes are emarginated. A. proletella; Tinea pro let ella, L. ; Reaum., lb., II, xxv, 1, 7. Resembling a little Phalasna; white, with a blackish point and spot on each elytron. Under the leaves of the Chelidonium majus, Brassicae, Oak, &c. The larva is oval, much flattened, in the form of a little scale, and resembles that of the Psyllae, The chrysalis is fixed and enclosed in an envelope, so that this Insect undergoes a complete metamorphosis. (1) M. Blot, corresponding member of the Linnean Society of Caen, had pub- lished, In the JNIem. de la Soc. Lin. de Caen, 1824, p. 114, some curious observa- tions on a particular species which is very injurious to the Apple-trees in the department of Calvados, by destroying' their young shoots. He considers it as the t3rpe of a new genus, Myzoxyk. De Geer had previously described an Aphis of the same tree, but as Messrs Lepeletier and Serville — Encyc. Method., article Puceron, — ^justly remark, that species, although also hurtful to the Apple-tree, differs essentially from the preceding one. The abdomen of the other is not fur- nished witli horns; its antennx are shorter, and, according to M. Blot, present but five joints, of which the second is the longest. We suspect that it re-enters into our third division — Gener. Crust, et Insect. — of the genus Aphis. For the other species, sec the works already quoted, and the Faim. Bavar., Schrank. 52 INSECT A- FAMILY IIL GALLINSECTA. In this last family(l), of which Dc Geer makes a particular order, there arc but five joints in the tarsi(2), with a single hook at the extremity. The male is destitute of a rostrum, and has but two wings, which are laid horizontally on the body, one over the otiier ; the abdomen is terminated by two setoe. The female is apterous and provided with a rostrum. The antennsB are filiform or setaceous, and most commonly composed of eleven joints(3). They constitute the genus Coccus, Lin. The bark of various trees is frequenlly covered with a multitude of little oval or rounded bodies, in the form of fixed shields or scales, in which, at the first glance, no external organs indicative of an In- sect are perceptible. These bodies arc nevertheless animals of this class and belong to the genus Coccus. Some are females, and the remainder young males, the form of both being nearly similar. An epoch, however, soon arrives in which all these individuals expe- rience singular changes. They then become fixed; the male larvae for a determinate period, requisite for their ultimate metamorphosis, and the females for ever. If we observe the latter in the spring, we shall find that their body gradually increases to a great volume, and finally resembles a gall-nut, being sometimes spherical^ and at others reniform or scaphoid. The skin of some is smooth and level, that of the remainder presents incisures or vestiges of segments. It is in this state that the females receive the embraces of their males, soon after which they produce a great number of eggs. They slip them between the skin of their venter, and a white down which covers the ( 1 ) Or the GalUnsedes of the French naturalists. Am. Ed. (2) M. Dalman, Director of the Cabinet of Natural History of Stockholm, in a Memoir on certain species of Coccus, presumes that there are three of these joints. (3) Nine in the males described in this Memoir. HEMIPTEPvA. 53 spot they occupy. Their body then becomes desiccated and forms a solid crust or shell which covers their ova. Other females protect theirs by enveloping them with a white substance resembling cotton. Those which are spherical form a sort of box for them with their body. The young Cocci have an oval body, much flattened and fur- nished with the same organs as that of the mother. They spread themselves over the leaves, and towards the end of autumn approach the branches, on which they fix themselves to pass the winter. The females prepare to become mothers on the return of spring, and the males to transform themselves into chrysalides under their own skin. These chrysalides have their two anterior legs directed forwards and not backwards like their remaining four and the whole six in those of the other sex. Having acquired their wings, these males issue backwards from the posterior extremity of their domi- cil, and proceed immediately in search of their females. They are much smaller than the latter. Their copulating apparatus forms a recurved kind of tail between the two terminal sets of the abdomen. Reaumur saw two granules resembling simple eyes on that part of their head which corresponds to their mouth. I have distinguished on the head of the male, C. ulmi, ten similar bodies, and two species of halteres on the thorax. Geoffroy says the females have four white threads at the posterior extremity of their abdomen, which are only visible by so pressing that part of the body as to make them pro- trude. Dorthez has observed a species on the Euphorbium characias which appears to differ in form and habits from the others. This induced his friend, the late M. Bosc, to convert that species into a genus which he named Borthesia. The antennse consist of nine joints, those of the male being longer and more slender in the male than in the female. The latter continues to live and run about after laying her eggs. The posterior extremity of the male's abdomen is furnished with a tuft of white threads. This Insect is consequently more nearly allied to the Aphides than to the Cocci(l). The Gallinsecta appear to injure trees by a superabundant sudo- resis through the punctures they make in^them, and of course those who cultivate the Peach, Orange, Fig and Olive are particularly on their guard against them. Certain species fix themselves to the roots of plants. Some are valuable for the rich red colour they fur- (1) M. Carcel, a zealous and learned entomologist, has lately confirmed these observations by new investigations. See tlie Nouv. Diet, d'liist. Nat., 2d edit., article Dorthes. 54 INSECTA. nish to the art of dyeing. Further researches on these Insects might eventuate in the discovery of others which would prove of similar utility. Geoffroy divides the Gallinsecta into two genera, Chermes and Coccus. Reaumur designates the latter by the name of Progall-ln- secte. C. adonidiim, L. Body almost rose-coloured and covered with a white farinaceous dustj wings and caudal setae of the tail whitej sides of the female furnished with appendages, the two last of which are the longest and form a sort of tail. She en- velopes her ova with a white and cottony substance that serves for a nest. Naturalized in our green-houses where it does much injury. C. cadi, L. ; Thier de Menouv. , De la Cult, du Nop., et de la Cochen. Female of a deep brown, covered with white dust, flat beneath, convex above and bordered; the annuli are tolerably distinct, but become obliterated at the epoch of production. The male is of a deep red, with white wings. This Insect is cultivated at Mexico, on a species of Opuntia, and is distinguished by the name of Mesteqiie^ fine cochineal, from another very analogous, but smaller and more cottony, or the Sylvestre. It is celebrated for the crimson dye it furnishes, which, by being combined with the solution of tin in nitro-mu- riatic acid, produces a scarlet. It is also from this Insect that we obtain carmine. It is one of the richest productions of Mexico(l). C. polonicus, L.; Breyn., E, iv, c, 1731; Frisch, Insect., II, 5, p. 6. Female, russet-brown, resembling a granule, and at- tached to the roots of the Scleranthus perennis, and some other plants. Previous to the introduction of cochineal, this Insect constituted an important object of commerce. The colour it produces is of the same tint, and almost as beautiful as that of the preceding species. It is still employed in Germany and Russia. C. ilicis, L. ; Reaum., Insect., IV, v. The female, both in size and shape, like a pea. It is of a dark violet or prune-co- lour, covered with white dust. Found on a species of Oak in Provence, Languedoc, and southern parts of Europe. It is used in dyeing crimson, particularly in the Levant and Barbary. Scar- let was also obtained from it previous to the general introduc- (1) See Humboldt's Travels. HEMIPTEIIA. 55 tion of the cochineal from Mexico. It is still used in medi- cine(l). A certain species that inhabits the East Indies forms gum lac. Another enters into the composition of a peculiar bougie em- ployed in China(2). A male Coccus from Java, remarkable for its antennae, which are composed of about twenty-two joints, granose, and densely pi- lose, and that has two tolerably thick and almost coriaceous wings, is the type of the genus Monophleba of Leach. ORDER VIII. NEUR0PTERA(3). The Neuroptera are distinguished from the three pre- ceding orders by their two upper wings, which are mem- branous, generally naked, diaphanous, and similar to the under ones in texture and properties. They are distin- guished from the eleventh and twelfth by the number of these organs, as well as by their mouth, fitted for mastication or furnished with mandibles and true maxillse, or in other words organized as usual, a character which also removes (1) For the other species, see Reaumur, Linnaeus, Geofiroy, De Geer, Latreillc and Olivier, Encyc. Method., article Cochenille. For the G. cacti, see a Literary Gazette printed at Mexico, 5th February 1794. M. Bory St Vincent — Anna], des Sc. Nat., VIII, 105 — informs us that experiments had been made at Malaga, in Spain, with a view to introduce the cultivation of this latter species, and that they succeeded. This valuable Insect might be easily and successfully cultivated in our southern states. The climate and soil are admirably adapted both to the propagation and liealtii of the animal, and that of the plant on which it feeds. Mm. Ed. (2) Doctor Virey, Journ. Complement, des Sc. Med., X, has published some new observations respecting this production. (3) The Odonata and most of tlio Synistala of Fabricius- 56 INSECTA. this order from the tenth or that of the Lepidoptcra, where, besides, the four wings are farinaceous. The surface of these wings in the Neuroptera is finely reticulated, and the under ones are most commonly as large as those above them but sometimes wider, and sometimes narrower and longer. Their raaxillaa and the inferior portion of their labrum or the men- tura are never tubular. The abdomen is destitute of a sting and rarely furnished with an ovipositor. Their antenna? are usually setaceous, and composed of nu- merous joints. They have two or three simple eyes. The trunk is formed of three segments, intimately united in a sin- gle body, distinct from the abdomen, and bearing the six legs ; the first of these segments is usually very short, and in the form of a collar. The number of joints in the tarsi varies. The body is usually elongated, and with rather soft or but slightly squamous teguments ; the abdomen is always sessile. Many of these Insects are carnivorous in their first state and in their last. Some merely experience a semimetamorphosis, the rest a complete one ; but the larva3 always have six hooked feet, which they usually employ in seeking their food. I will divide this order into three families, which will suc- cessively present to us the following natural affinities: 1. Carnivorous Insects, subject to a semimetamorphosis, with aquatic larvae. 2. Carnivorous Insects, subject to a complete metamorpho- sis, with aquatic or terrestrial larvse. 3. Carnivorous or omnivorous terrestrial Insects, subject to a semimetamorphosis. 4. Herbivorous Insects, subject to a complete metamorpho- sis, with aquatic larvae, which construct portable dwellings. We will end with those species in which the wings are the least reticulated, and which resemble Phalsense or Tineites. NEUROFTEKA, FAMILY I. SIJBULICORNES, Lat.(l) This family is composed of the order Odonata of Fabri- cius, and of the genus Ephemera. The antennae, are subulate, and hardly longer than the head ; they are composed of seven joints at most, the last of which is setaceous. The mandibles and the maxillae are completely covered by the labrum and labium, or by the anterior and projecting extremity of the head. The wings are always reticulated and distant, sometimes laid horizontally and sometimes placed perpendicularly; the inferior are as large as the superior, or sometimes very small and even wanting. The ordinary eyes are very large and prominent in all of them ; and they all have two or three ocelli situated between the former. The two first periods of their life are passed in the bosom of the waters, where they prey on living animals. The larvae and chrysalides, which approximate in form to the perfect Insect, respire by means of peculiar organs situated on the sides or extremity of the abdomen. They issue from the water to undergo their ultimate metamorphosis. In some the mandibles and maxillae are corneous, very strong, and covered by the two lips; the tarsi are triarticulatedj the wings are equal, and the posterior extremity of the abdomen is simply ter- minated by hooks or laminiform or foliaceous appendages. They form the Fabrician order of the Odonata, or the genus LiBELLULA, Lin. Geoff. The light and graceful figure of these Insects, the beautiful and va- (1) A section, divided into two families, the Libelidlinje, in my Fam. Nat. du Regn. Animal. Vol IV.— H 58 INSECTA. riegated colours with which they are adorned, their large wings re- sembling lustrous gauze, and the velocity with which they pursue the Flies, Sec, that constitute their food, attract our attention and enable us to recognize them with facility. Their head is large, rounded, or in the form of a broad triangle. They have two great lateral eyes(l) and three simple ones situated on the vertexj two antennae, inserted into the forehead behind a vesicular prominence^ composed of five or "six joints, or at least of three, the last of which is com- pound and attenuated in the manner of a. stylet; a semi-circular arched labrum; two very strong, dentated and squamous mandibles; maxillas terminated by a piece of the same consistence that is den- tated, spinous, and ciliated on the inner side, with a uniarticulated palpus laid on the back and representing the galea of the Orthop- tera; a large, arched, trifoliate labium, of which the two lateral leaf- lets are palpi; a sort of epiglottis or vesicular and longitudinal tongue in the interior of their mouth; a thick and rounded thorax; a highly elongated al)domcn which is sometimes ensiform, and at others re- sembles a rod, terminated in the males by two lamellar appendages varying in form according to the specics(2); and, finally, short legs curved forwards. The under part of the second annulus of the abdomen contains the sexual organs of the males, and as those of the females are situated on the last ring, the coition of these Insects is effected in a different manner from that of others. The male, first hovering over his fe- male, seizes her by the neck with the hooks that terminate the pos- terior extremity of his abdomen, and flits away with her. After a shorter or longer period, the latter, yielding to his desires, curves her abdomen downwards, and approximates its extremity to the genitals of the male whose body is then bent into the form of a buckle. This junction frequently occurs in the air and sometimes on the bodies where they alight. To lay her eggs the female places herself on some aquatic plant that is raised but little above the water, into which she plunges the posterior extremity of her abdomen. The larvae and the chrysalides inhabit the water until the period (1) For their structure, see Cuv., Mem. de la Soc. d'Hist.. Nat, de Par., 4to, p. 41. (2) MM. Van der Linden and Toussaint Charpentier have made a particular study of these af)pendages. The latter has carefully figured all these varieties in his Horx Entomologiae. The genus Pdalura, Leach, Zool. Miscel., being essentially established on characters dr.awn from these appendages, appears to me to be inadmissible, and for the simple reason, that if this ground of division be once received, we shall have to establish almost as many genera as there are species. NEUrtOPTERA. 59 of their ultimate metamorphosis, and, with the exception of wings, are tolerably similar to the perfect Insect. Their head, however, on which the simple eyes are not perceptible, is remarkable for the singular form of the piece which replaces the lower lip. It is a kind of mask that covers the mandibles, maxillae, and almost the whole under part of the head. It is composed, 1, of a principal triangular piece that is sometimes arched and sometimes flat, called by Reau- mur the mentonniere (chin-cloth), articulated by a hinge with a pe- dicle or sort of handle annexed to the head; 2, of two other pieces inserted at the superior and lateral angles of the former, movable at base, transversal, and either in the form of wide and dentated laminae resembling shutters in their motion and the manner in which they close the mouth, or in the form of hooks or little claws. To this part of the mask where the mentonniere is articulated with its pe- dicle, or the knee, and which appears to terminate it inferiorly when the mask is flexed upon itself, Reaumur applies the name o{ mentiim. The insect unfolds or extends it with great promptitude, and seizes its prey with the pincers of its superior portion. The posterior extremity of the abdomen sometimes presents five foliaceous and unequal appendages, which the animal can separate and approxi- mate, in which case they form a sort of pyramidal tail; sometimes we observe the three elongated and pilose lamina or a sort of fins. We see these Insects unfold them every moment, open their rectum, fill it with water, then close it, and shortly afterwards ejaculate that water mixed with large bubbles of air, a game that appears to facili- tate their motions. The interior of the rectum(l) presents to the naked eye twelve longitudinal ranges of little black spots, approxi- mated by pairs, resembling the pinnated leaves of botanists. By the aid of the microscope we discern that each of these spots is composed of little conical tubes, organized like tracheae, and from which originate small branches that proceed to six large trunks of the principal tracheae that traverse the whole length of the body. Having attained the period of their ultimate metamorphosis, the nymphs issue from the water, climb along the stems of plants, fix there, and divest themselves of their skin. • M. Poe, who has paid particular attention to the Insects of the island of Cuba, informs me that at a certain season of the year the northern winds sweep an- innumerable host of a species of this genus — specimens of which he had the kindness to send me — into Havana or its environs. (1) Cuv., Mem. de la Soc. d'Hist. Nat., 4to, p. 48. 60 INSECTA. Fabricius, anticipated in this point by Reaumur, divides the Libellulae into three genera. LiBELLULA, Fab. Or Libelhila proper, where the wings are extended horizontally when at rest. The head is almost globular, with very large, conti- guous or closely approximated eyes, and a vesicular elevation on the vertex, with an ocellus on each side; the other or anterior ocellus is much larger. The middle division of the labium is much smaller than the lateral ones(l), \vhich unite beneath by a longitudi- nal suture, and close the mouth exactly. The abdomen is ensiform and flattened. The larvse and the nymphs have five appendages at the posterior extremity of the body, forming a pointed tail; their body is short, the mentonniere convex, in the form of a helmet, with the two pin- cers resembling shutters. L. depressa, L. ; Roes., Insect. Aquat., VI, vii, 3. Brown somewhat yellowish; base of the wings blackish; two yellow lines on the thorax; abdomen ensiform, sometimes brown, and at others slate coloured, with yellowish sides(2). -lEsHNA, Fab. The .fishnae resemble the Libellula proper in their mode of bear- ing their wings, and in the form of their head, but their two poste- rior ocelli are placed on a simple transverse elevation in the form of a carina. The intermediate lobe of the labium is also larger, and the two others are distant and armed with a very stout tooth and spiniform appendage. The abdomen is always narrow and elon- gated. The body of the larvae and the nymphs is also'more elongated than that of the Libellulae in the same states. The mask is flat, and the two pincers are narrow, and have a small movable nail at the extremity. (1) Tliese lateral divisions or palpi present a remarkable difference in the three subgenera. (2) For the other species, see Fabricius, Entom. Syst., and Latreille, Hist. Gener. des Crust, et des Insect., XII, p. 10, et seq.; but particularly the Mono- graphs of the Insects of this family, from the environs of Bologne, published in Latin by M. Van der Linden, that which he has since given on the species of Europe, and finally another Monograph of European Libellulse, forming a part of the already quoted work of M. Toussaint Charpentier. NEUROPTERA. 61 The abdomen is terminated by five appendages, but one of them is truncated at the end. ^. grandis; Libellula grandis, L.; Roes, Insect. Aquat., VI, iv. One of the largest species of this family, being nearly two inches and a half in length; fulvous-brown; two yellow lines on each side of the thorax; abdomen spotted with green or yellow- ish; wings iridescent. It darts with amazing rapidity over meadows, and along the shores of rivers, 8cc., pursuing flies in the manner of the Swallow(l). Agrion, Fab. Where the wings are elevated perpendicularly when at rest, the head is transversal, and the eyes are distant. The form of the labium is analogous to that of the jEshnae, but the intermediate lobe is divided in two, down to its base. The third joint of the lateral lobes is in the form of a membranous ligula. The antennae seem to be composed of but four joints. The forehead presents no vesicle, and the simple eyes are almost equal, and ar- ranged in a triangle on the vertex. The abdomen is very thin or even filiform, and sometimes very long. That of the females has its posterior extremity furnished with serrated laminae. The body of these Insects, in their first and second states, is equally slender and elongated, and the abdomen terminated by three fin-like laminae. The mask is flat, the superior extremity of the mentonniere being raised into a point in some, and forked or sloped in others; the pincers are narrow, but terminated by several denta- tions, and resemble hands. £. Virgo; Libellula virgo, L.; Roes., Insect. Aquat., VI, ix. Golden-green or green-blue; superio.r wings sometimes either entirely blue or only in the middle, and sometimes of a yellow- ish-brown. The mentonniere of the larvae and nymph is sloped like a lozenge at the extremity, and terminated by two points. A. puella; Libellula puella, L. ; Roes., lb., x, xi. Very vari- ous as to colour; its abdomen'is most commonly annulated with black, and the wings are colourless. The superior extremity of the mentonniere of the larvae and nymphs forms a salient angle(2). (1) See the same works. The Mshna forcipata mig'ht form anotlier Subgenus. (2) For the other species, see Fabricius, Entom. Syst. ; Lat., Hist. Gener. des Crust, et des Insect. , XIII, p. 15; Olivier, Encyc. Method., article Zi6f//ii/e; and especially the preceding Monographs, where the variety of species and of their 62 IXSECTA. The other Subulicorncs have an entirely membranous or very soft mouth, composed of parts that are rather indistinct. Their tarsi consist of five joints; their inferior wings are much smaller than the superior, or even wanting, and their abdomen is terminated by two or three setse. They form the genus Ephemera, Lin. So called from their short term of life, in their perfect state. Their body is extremely soft, long, tapering, and terminated posteriorly by two or three longtmd articuFated setae. The antennae are very small and composed of three joints, the last of which is very long, and in the form of a conical thread. The anterior part of their head pro- jects in the manner of a clypeus, frequently carinated and emargi- nated, covers the mouth, the organs of which are so soft and exigu- ous that they cannot be distinguished. The wings of those Insects are always placed perpendicularly, or slightly inclined posteriorly, like those of an Agrion. The legs are very slender, and the tibia? very short, and almost confounded with the tarsi, whicli frequently present but four joints, the first having nearly disappeared; the two hooks of the last one are strongly'compressed into the form of a little palette; the two anterior legs, rriuch shorter than the others, are inserted almost under the head and directed forwards. The Ephemera: usually appear at sunset, in fine weather, in sum- mer and autumn, along the banks of rivers, lakes, Sec, and some- limes in such innumerable hosts that aft^r their death the surface of the ground is thickly covered with their bodies; in certain dis- tricts cart-loads of them are collected for manure. The descent of a. particular species — the albipennis — remarkable for the shortness of its wings, recals to our minds a heavy fall of snow in winter. These Insects collect in flocks in the air, flitting about and balanc- ing themselves in the manner of the Tipulae, with the terminal fila- ments of their tail divergent. There the sexes unite. The males are distinguished from the females by two articulated hooks at the extremity of their abdomen, with which they seize them. It also appears that their anterior legs and caudal filaments are longer than those of the females, and that their eyes are larger: some of them even have four compound eyes, two of which are elevated and much sexual differences are carefully indicated, works that have g'reatly facilitated the disentangling of their synonomy. NEUROPTEllA. 63 larger than the others, called from their form turhan'd or columnar eyes. The junction having been effected, the couples place them- selves on trees or plants to complete their coitus, which lasts but for a moment. The female soon after deposits all her eggs in the water, collected in a bundle. The propagation of their species is the only function these animals have to fulfil, for they take no nourishment, and frequently die on the day of their metamorphosis, or even within a few hours after that event. Those which fall into the water become food for Fishes, and are styled' Manna by fishermen. If however we trace them back to that period in which they ex- isted as larvae, we find their career to be much longer, extending from two to three years. In this state, as well as that of semi-nymphs, they live in water, fi-tquently concealed, at least during the day, in the mud or under stones, sometimes in horizontal holes divided in- teriorly into two united canals, each with its proper opening. These habitations are always excavated in clay, bathed by water, which oc- cupies its cavities; it is even supposed that the larvae feed on this earth. Although allied to the perfect Insect, when it has undergone its ultimate metamorphosis, in some respects they differ. The antennae ure longer^jthe ocelli are wanting; and the mouth presents two projections resembling horns, which are considered as mandibles. On each side of the abdomen is a range of laminae or leaflets, usually united at base by pairs, which are a sort of pseudo-branchiae over which the tracheae extend and ramify, and which not only enable them to respire but also to swim and move with greater facility; the tarsi have but one hook at their extremity. The posterior extremity of the body is terminated by the same number of setae as that of the perfect Insect. The seminymph only differs from the larva in the presence of tlie cases which enclose the wings. When the moment of their deve- lopment has arrived, it leaves the water, and having changed its skin, appears under a new form — but, by a very singular exception, it has still to experience a second change of tegument, before it is prepared to propagate its species. The ultimate exuvium of these Insects is frequently found on trees and walls; they sometimes even leave them on the clothes of persons who may be walking in their vicinity. With this genus and that of the Phryganeae, De Geer formed an order founded on the absence or extreme exiguity of the mandibles. In the " Tableau Elementaire de I'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux" of the Baron Cuvier, they also constitute a separate family, that of the Agnathes, but slill forming part of the order of the Neuroptera. 64 INSECTA. The number of wings and that of the filaments of the tail furnish the means of dividing the genus of the Ephemerae. E. Swammerdiatia, Lat.; E. longicauda, Oliv., Svtamm., Bib. Nat., II, xiii, 6, 8. The largest species known; four wingsj two filaments to the tail twice op thrice the length of the body which is of a russet-yellow; eyes black. Holland and Gern;>any, along the great rivers. E. vulgata, L.; De Geer, Insect., II, xv, 9 — 15. Four wings; three filaments at the extremity of the abdomen; brown; abdo- men deep yellaw, marked with triangular black spots; wings spotted with brown. E. diptera, L. But two wings; the male with four compound eyes, two of which are larger than the others and placed per- pendicularly like two columns(l). FAMILY II. PLANIPENNES. This family, which, with the third, forms the greater part of the order of the JSynistata of Fabricius, comprises those Neuroptera in which the antennae, always multiarticulated, are much longer than the head, without being subulate or styliform. Their mandibles are very distinct ; their inferior wings almost equal to the Superior ones, and extended or sim- ply folded underneath at their anterior margin. Their wings are almost always much reticulated and naked ; their maxillary palpi are usually filiform or somewhat thicker at the extremity, shorter than the head, and composed of from four to five joints. 1 will divide this family into five sections, which, by reason of the habits of the Insects that compose them, form as many small sub-families. 1. The Panorpat^ of Latreille, which have five joints (1) For tlie other species, see Olivier, Encyc. Method.; Fabricius; Latreille, Hist. Gener. des Crust, et des Insect., t. XIII, p. 93; and Lat. Gen. Crust, et In- sect., Ill, p. 183. NEUROPTERA. 65 to all the tarsi, and the anterior extremity of their head pro- longed and narrowed in the form of a rostrum or proboscis. They constitute the genus PanorpA;, Lin. Fab. Where the antennse are setaceous and inserted between the eyesj the clypeus is prolonged into a conical, corneous lamina, arched above to cover the mouth, and the mandibles, maxillae and labium are almost linear. They have from four to six short, filiform palpi; in those of the maxillae I could distinctly perceive but four joints. Their body is elongated, the head vertical, the first segment of the trunk usually very small, in the form of a collar, and the abdo- men conical or almost cylindrical. There is much difference between the two sexes in several species. Their metamorphoses have not yet been observed. • In some, and the greater number, the naked or exposed portion of the thorax is formed of two segments, the first of which is the smallest. Both sexes are winged, and the wings are longer than the abdomen, adapted for flight, oval or linear, but not narrowed towards the extremity or subulate. Such are those which compose the Nemoptera, Lat. Oliv. Where the superior wings are distant, almost oval, and very finely reticulated; the inferior ones are very long and linear; no simple eyes. The abdomen is nearly similar in form in both sexes. They ap- pear to have six palpi, and hitherto seem to have been only observed in the most southern parts of Europe, in Africa, and in the adjacent countries of Asia(l). BiTTAcus, Lat. Where the four wings are equal and laid horizontally on the body. They are furnished with simple eyes; the abdomen is almost similar in both sexes, and the legs are very long; the tarsi are terminated by a single hook and are destitute of pellets(2). (1) Lat, Gen. Crust, et Insect, III, p. 186; Oliv., Encyc. Method., article Nemoptere. Doctor Leach calls it Monopteryx; he has figured two species, lusi- tanica and africana, in his Zoological Miscellany, Ixxxv. (2) Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect. Vol. IV— I 66 INSECTA. Panorpa, Lat. The Avings and simple eyes as in the preceding genus; but the abdomen of the males is terminated by an articulated tail, almost like that of the Scorpions, with a forceps at the extremity; that of the females ends in a point. The legs of both sexes are of a mode- rate length, with two hooks and a pellet at the extremity of the tarsi. P. communis, L.; De Geer, Insect., II, xxiv, 34. From seven to eight lines in length; black; rostrum and extremity of the abdomen russet; wings spotted with black. — On hedges and in woods(l). In others, the first segment of the thorax is large, and seems alone to form that part, the two following ones being covered by the wings in the males. The wings are subulate, recurved at the extremity, shorter than the abdomen, and wanting in the females where that fart of the body is terminated by an acinaciform ovipositor, BoREus, Lat. The only species of this genus known is the B. hiemalis; Panorpa hiemalis, L.; Gryllusprohoscideus,Vzi\ix., Faun. Insect. Germ., XXII, 18. It is found in winter, under moss, in the north of Europe and in the Alps(2). 2. The Myrmeleonides, which also have five joints in the tarsi, but their head is not prolonged anteriorly in the form of a rostrum or snout : their antennae gradually enlarge or have a globuliform termination. Their head is transverse, vertical, and merely presents the ordinary eyes, which are round and prominent j there are six palpi, those of the labium usually longer than the others, and inflated at the extremity. The palate of the mouth is ele- vated in the form of an epiglottis ; the first segment of the thorax is small : the wings are equal, elongated, and tecti- form ; the abdomen is most frequently long and cylindrical. (1) For the other species, see Lat., Oliv., lb., article Panorpe, and Leach, Zool. Miscell-, xciv. (2) Oliv., lb., article, lb. NEUROPTERA. 67 with two salient appendages at its extremity in the males. The legs are short. They are found in the warm localities of the southern coun- tries, clinging to plants, where they remain quiescent during the day. Most of them fly well. The nymph is inactive. These Insects form the genus Myrmeleon, Lin. Of which Fabricius has made two. Myrmeleon, Fab. Or Myrmeleon proper, where the antennae enlarge insensibly, are almost fusiform, are hooked at the extremity, and much shorter than the bodyj the abdomen is long and linear. M. formicarium, L.^Roes., Insect., Ill, xvii — xx. About an inch longj blackish spotted with yellowish; wings diaphanous, with black nervures picked in with white; some obscure spots, and one whitish, near the extremity of the anterior margin(l). The number of Ants destroyed by the larva of this species, which is the most common one in Europe, has obtained for it the name of Formica-leo, Lion-ant, or Fourmilion. Its abdomen is extremely voluminous in comparison to the rest of the body. Its head is very small, flattened, and armed with two long man- dibles in the form of horns, dentated on the inner side and pointed at the extremity, which act at once as pincers and suckers. Its body is greyish or of the colour of the sand in which it lives. Although provided with six feet, it moves very slowly and almost always backwards. Thus, not being able to seize its prey by the celerity of its motions, it has recourse to stratagem, and lays a trap for it in a funnel-shaped cavity which it excavates in the finest sand, at the foot of a tree, old walls, or acclivities exposed to the south. It arrives at the intended scene of its operations by forming a ditch, and traces the area of the funnel, the size of which is in proportion to its growth. Then, always moving backwards, and describing as it goes spiral convolutions, the diameter of which progressively dimin- (1) For the other species, see Lat, Gen. Crust, et Insect, \l\, p. 190; Oliv., Encyc. Method., article Myrmeleon. See also, both for this and the following genus, the work of M. Toussaint Charpentier, ah-eady quoted. 68 INSECTA. ishes, it loads its head with sand by means of one of its anterior feet, and jerks it to a distance. In this manner, and sometimes in the space of half an hour, it will remove a reversed cone of sand the base of which is equal in diameter to that of the area, and the height to about three-fourths of the same. Hidden and quiescent at the bottom of its retreat, with nothing visible but its mandibles, it awaits with patience till an Insect is pre- cipitated into it; if it endeavour to escape, or be at too great a distance for it to seize, it showers upon it such a torrent of sand by means of its head and mandibles, as propels it stunned and defenceless to the bottom of the hole. Having exhausted its juices by suction, it drags away the carcass and leaves it at a distance from its domicil. The nutritive matter it thus obtains is not converted into any perceptible excrement, neither is this larva — and such also is the case with several others — provided with an opening analo- gous to an anus. It can abstain from food for a long period without any apparent suffering. When about to pass into the state of a chrysalis, it encloses itself in a perfectly round cocoon, formed of a silky substance of the colour of satin, which it covers externally with grains of sand. Its fusi are situated at the posterior extremity of the body. The perfect Insect makes its appearance at the expira- tion of fifteen or twenty days, and leaves its exuvium at the aperture it has effected in its cocoon. AscALAPHus, Fab. Where the antennae are long and terminate abruptly in a button; the abdomen forms an oblong oval, and is hardly longer than the thorax. The wings are proportionally wider than those of the Myrme- eones, and not so long. Bonnet has observed, in the environs of Geneva, a larva simi- lar to that of the preceding subgenus, but which neither moves backwards nor excavates a funnel. The posterior extremity of its abdomen is furnished with a bifid plate truncated at the end(l). It is perhaps the larva of the Jlscalaiplius italicus, pe- culiar to the south of Europe, and which now begins to appear in the neighbourhood of Paris and Fontainebleau(2). (1) This larva has also been found in Dalmatia by Count Dejean. (2) The same works. For some species of New Holland, see Leach, Zool. Miscellany. NEUROPTERA. 69 3. The Hemerobini of Latreille, which are similar to the • Myrmeleonides in the general form of their body and wings; but their antennae are filiform, and they have but four palpi. They form the genus Hemerobius, Lin. Fab. In some, the first segment of the trunk is very small, and the wings are tectiform; the last joint of the palpi is thickest, ovoid and point- ed. The larvae are terrestrial. They form the genus Hemerobius, Lat. Or Hemerobius properly so called, also styled Demoiselles terres- tres. Their body is soft, and the globular eyes are frequently orna- mented with metallic colours; the wings are large, and their exterior border is widened. They fly slowly and heavily; several diffuse a strong faecal odour, with which the finger that has touched them remains for a long time impregnated. The female deposits ten or twelve eggs on leaves; they are oval, white, and secured by a very long and capillary pedicle. Some authors have mistaken them for a species of mushroom. The larvae bear a considerable resemblance to those of the preceding division; they are, however, more elongated and errant. Reaumur calls them Lions des Pucerons, because they feed on Aphides. They seize them with their horn-like mandibles, and soon exhaust them by suction. Some form a thick case for themselves of their remains, which gives them a very singular appearance. The nymph is enclosed in a silken cocoon of an extremely close tissue, the volume of which is very small when compared with that of the Insect, The fusi of the larvse are situated at the posterior extremity of the abdomen, like those of the larvae of the Myrmeleonides. H. perla, L.; Roes., Insect., Ill, Suppl., xxi, 4, 5. Green- yellow; eyes golden; wings transparent with entirely green ner- vures(l). The H. maculatus, Fab., has three little ocelli, while in all the rest of the species they are wanting. It forms the genus OsMYLUs, Lat.(2) ( 1 ) Add Hemerobius filosus and the albus, capitaius, phalsenoides, iiitidulus, hir- tus, fuscatus, humuli, variegatus, and nervosus, Fab. See Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., Ill, p. 196. (2) Lat., Ibid. 70 INSECTA. The same character is presented in the genus Nymphes, Leach, Established on certain Insects from New Hollandj but here the antennae are filiform and shorter(l). In the others the first segment of the thorax is large, and the wings are laid horizontally on the hody ; the palpi are filiform, and the last joint is conical or almost cylindrical, and frequently shorter than the preceding one. The larvai are aquatic. Fabricius unites them with the species of the genus Perla of GeoiTroy, but which are removed from them by the num- ber of joints in their tarsi, under the generic name of Semblis, Fab. Which is composed of the following subgenera. CORYDALIS, Lat. Distinguished by the mandibles of the male which are very large and resemble horns(2). Chauliodes, Lat. Where the antennae are pectinated(3). SiALis, Lat. Where the mandibles are moderate, as in the latter, and the an- tet.n3e simple as in Corydalis, and distinguished from the two pre- ceding ones by the tectiform disposition of the wings. To this sub- genus belongs the (1) Nymplies myrmeleonides, Leach, Zool. Miscell., xlv. Perhaps it may have six palpi, and in that case it belongs to the preceding division. (2) Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., Ill, p. 199. (3) Ibid., p. 198. NEUROPTERA. 71 'S". liitarius; Hemerobius lutarius, L.; Roes., Insect., II, Class II, Insect. Aquat., xiii. Dead-black; light-brown wings thickly intersected with black nervures. The female produces a prodigious number of eggs, which ^ terminate abruptly in a little point, on the leaves of plants or on other bodies situated near water. The ova are implanted close together, perpendicularly and symmetrically, and form large brown plates. The larva inhabits the water, in which it runs and swims with great swiftness. The sides of its abdomen, like those of the Ephemerae, are provided with pseudo-branchise, and its last ring is elongated into a kind of tail, but it is meta- morphosed into an immovable nymph. 4. A fourth division, that of the Termitin/e, will com- prise Neuroptera subject to a semi-metamorphosis. They are all terrestrial, active, carnivorous, or gnawers, in all their states. With the exception of the Mantispse, very distinct from all the Insects of this order, by the form of their anterior legs, which resemble those of a Mantis, the tarsi consist of four joints at most, which removes them from the preceding genera of the same family. The mandibles are always cor- neous and strong. The inferior wings are nearly as large as the superior ones, and without folds, or smaller. Some have from five to three joints in the tarsi, and very distinct and salient labial palpi. Their antennae are generally composed of more than ten joints, the prothorax is large, and the wings are equal and multireticulated. Mantispa, Illig. — Rhaphidia, Scop. Lin. — Mantis^ Fab. Pall. Oliv. Where there are five joints to all the tarsi, and the two first legs are formed like those of a Mantis or adapted for prehension. The antennae of these Insects are very short and granose, and their eyes large. The prothorax is very long, and thickened anteriorly, and the wings are tectiform(l). (1) Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect, 111, 93. 72 INSECTA. Rhaphidia, Liii. Fab. Where the tarsi are composed of four joints and the wings are tec- tiform. The head is elongated and narrowed posteriorly, the thorax long, narrow, and almost cylindrical. The abdomen of the female terminates by a long external oviduct, formed of two laminae. jR. ophiasis, L.j De Gcer, Insect., II, xxv, 4 — 8. Half an inch longj blackj abdomen marked with yellowish streaks; wings transparent, with a black spot near the extremity. In the woods. The larva lives.in the fissures of the bark of trees, and has the form of a little Serpent. It is very lively(l). Termes, Hemkrobius, Lin. Where all the tarsi are likewise composed of four joints; but tlie wings are very long, and laid horizontally on the body; the head is rounded, and the thorax almost square or semicircular. The body of these Insects is depressed, and their antennae are short and formed like a chaplet. The mouth is almost similar to that of the Orthoptera, and the labium is quadrifid. They have three ocelli, one of which, on the forehead, is indistinct; the two others are situated, one on each side, near the inner margin of the ordinary eyes. Their wings are commonly somewhat diaphan- ous, coloured, furnished with extremely fine and crowded nervures, and not very distinctly reticulated. Their abdomen has two small,' conical, biarticulated points at the extremity; the legs are short. The Termites, peculiar to the countries situated between the tropics, or to those which are adjacent, are known by the name of White Ants, Poux de hois, Caria, &c. The appalling destruction caused by these Insects, particularly in the state of larvse, in those parts of the world, is but too well known. These larvae, the work- ing Termites or labourers, bear a close resemblance to the perfect Insect; but their body is softer and apterous, and their head, which appears proportionally larger, is usually destitute of eyes, or has but very small ones. They live in society, and form communities, so numerous as to defy all calculation,' which live under cover in the ground, trees, and all sort of ligneous articles, such as tables. (1) Lat., lb. p. 203; Fab., Entom. Syst., and Illiger's edit, cf the Fauna Etrusca of Rossi. XEUROPTEUA. 73 chairs, furniture of all kinds, and the planks, timbers, &c. &c. which form parts of houses. There they excavate galleries, which form so many roads, all leading to the centre of their domicil, and these bodies thus mined, and retaining nothing bu£ a superficial bark or covering, soon crumble into dust(l). If compelled by any insur- mountable obstacle to leave their dwellings, they construct lubes or ways which still keep them, from sight. The nests or domicils of several species are exterior, but have no visible opening. Sometimes they are raised above the surface of the ground, in the form of py- ramids or turrets, occasionally surmounted with a capital or very solid roof, which by their height and number, resemble a little vil- lage. Sometimes they form a large globular mass on the branches of trees. Another sort of individuals, the neuters, also called sol- diers, and which Fabricius erroneously considers as nymphs, defend the domicil. They are distinguished by their stouter and more elongated head, the mandibles of which are also longer, narrower and considerably crossed. They are much less numerous than the others, and remain near the surface of the habitation, are the first that present themselves in case of an attack, and pinch with conside- rable strength. It is also said that they force the, labourers to work. The seminymphs have rudiments of wings, and in other respects resemble the larvae. Having become perfect Insects, the Termites leave their original retreat, and fly off at evening or during the night in incalculable numbers. At sunrise, they lose their wings, which are dried up, fall to the ground, and are mostly devoured by Birds, Lizards, and the rest of their enemies. According to Smeathmann, the larvae seize upon all the couples they can find, and shut them up in a large cell, a sort of nuptial prison, where they supply them with nourishment. I have reason to believe, however, that their coitus, like that of the Ant, takes place in the air or beyond the precincts of their habita- tion, and that the females alone occupy the attention of the larvae, with a view to the formation of a new colony. The abdomen of the female acquires an astonishing size, from the innumerable quantity of ova contained in it. The nuptial chamber is placed in the centre of the dwelling, and round it, symmetrically arranged, are the cells which contain the eggs and provisions. The larvae of certain Termites called voyageurs or travellers, are (1)1 saw a beautiful edifice in the Isle of France that was abandoned within a few months after it was completed, on this account. The whole building' was a mere shell. Am. Ed. Vol. IV— K 74 INSECTA. furnished with eyes, and appear to differ somewhat in their habits from the others, and in this respect, to approximate more closely to our Ants. The Negroes and Hottentots consider these Insects as a great delicacy. They are destroyed with quick-lime, or more readily with arsenic, which is thrown into their habitations. The two following species, found in the south of France, live in the interior of various trees. T. lucifugum, Ross., Faun. Etrusc, Mant. II, v, k. Glossy- black; wings brownish, somewhat diaphanous, with the rib more obscure; superior extremity of the antennae, tibiae and tarsi, pale-russet. Such has been its excessive multiplication in the work- shops and store-houses of the navy-yard at Rochefort, where it does much injury, that it is impossible to destroy it. T. Jlavicolle^ Fab. This species only differs from the lucifu- gum in the colour of its thorax. It is very injurious to the Olive, particularly in Spain. Linnaeus has placed the larvae of his genus Termes among the Aptera, and the winged individuals with the Hemerobii. The species foreign to Europe have been but very imper- fectly characterized. Linnaeus confounds several under the name of Termes fatah{\). In the remaining Termetinae the tarsi are biarticulated, and the labial palpi indistinct and very short. The antennae consist of about ten joints, the first segment of the trunk is very small, and the inferior wings are smaller than the others. They form the genus Psocus, Lat. Fab. — Termes^ Hemerohius, Lin. And are very small Insects with a short and extremely soft body that is frequently inflated, or as if hump-backed. Their head is (1) See Lat, Gen. Crust, et Insect, III, p. 203, and the Nouv. Diet. d'Hist Nat., article Termes. Certain Insects from the southern countries of Europe and of Africa, analogous to the Termites, but in which the head is wider than the thorax; where the tarsi are triarticulated, the wings hardly extend beyond the abdomen or are wanting; where the legs are compressed, and the two anterior tibia are the widest; where the simple eyes are wanting, and the thorax is elongated, form the genus I have indicated in my Fam. Nat. du Reg. Anim., under the name of Embia; it is figured in the great work on Egypt. NEUROPTERA. 75 liarge, their antennae setaceous, and the maxillary palpi salient. Their wings are tectiform and but slightly reticulated or simply veined. They are extremely active and live under the bark of trees, in wood, &c. The following species is commonly found in books and collections of Insects and plants. P. pulsatorius; Termes pulsatorium, L. j Schaeff., Elem. Entom., cxxvi, 1, 2. Usually apterous; yellowish white; eyes and some small spots on the abdomen, russet. It Avas thought to produce that faint noise resembling the tick of a watch fre- quently heard in our houses, and of which we have spoken while on the genus Anobium — thence the origin of its specific name(l). 5. The Perlides, in which the tarsi are triarticulated, and the mandibles almost always partly membranous and small. The inferior wings are wider than the others, and doubled at their inner margin. They comprise the genus Perla, Geoff. Their body is elongated, narrow and flattened; the head is tolerably large, the antennae are setaceous, and the maxillary palpi very salient. The first segment of their trunk is nearly square, and the wings are crossed and laid horizontally on the body; the abdomen terminates as usual by two articulated setae. Their larvae are aquatic and inhabit sheaths or cases, which they construct in the manner of those formed by the Insects of the ensu- ing family, and in which they pass into the state of nymphs. They undergo their ultimate metamorphosis in the commencement of spring. Nemoura, Lat. The Nemourae differ from the Perlae proper in their very apparent labrum, corneous mandibles, the almost equal length of the joints (1) See Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., HI, p. 207; Fab., Supp., Entom. Syst., and the Monograph of this genus in the Illust. Icon, des Insect., dec I, of Coquebert. In the fourth volume of the Magasln der Entomologie of M- Germar, we find some anatomical observations on the common species— pulsatorius. 76 IXSKCTA. of their tarsi, and in the setae of the extremity of the abdomen, which are almost wanting(l). P. bicaudato} Pkryganea bicaudata, L. ; Geoff., Insect. ,11, xiii, 2. Eight lines in length; of an obscure brown with a yel- low line along the middle of the head and thorax; nervures of the wings brown; setae of the tail almost as long as the antennae. Common in Europe in the spring along the banks of rivers(2). FAMILY III. PLICIPENNES(3). In this family the mandibles are wanting, and the inferior wings arc usually wider than the others and plaited longitu- dinally. It is formed of the genus PiiRYGANEA, Lin. Fab. These Neuroptera, at a first glance, have the appearance of little Phalxnae, and hence the name of Mouches papillonacees or papilio- naceous flies, bestowed upon them by Reaumur. De Geer even ob- serves that the internal organization of their larvae bears the closest resemblance to that of caterpillars. Their head is small and pre- sents two setaceous antennae, usually very long and salient; rounded and salient eyes; two ocelli on the forehead; a curved or conical labrum; four palpi, those of the maxillae commonly very long, filiform, or almost setaceous and composed of five joints, and the (1) See Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., Ill, p. 210; Oliv., Encyc. Method., article Nemoure; Pliryganea nebulosa, L., Stc (2) Geoff, and Lat., Ibid. (3) In the systems of Messrs Kirby and Leach, this family forms the order of the Trichopteba, whicli would connect itself with tliat of tlie Lepidoptera, through the Tines. But as we naturally pass from the Plicipennes to the Perla, by follow- ing the series of mutual relations, we should be forced to terminate the Neurop- tera with the Libellulse and Ephemers, whose organization and habits differ greatly from those of the Hymenoptera, w hich according to this method follow the Neuroptera. The Libellulae and other Neuroptera, which in our system come directly after, appear to us to be those which approximate most nearly to the Orthoptera. NEUROPTERA. 77 labials of three, the last of which is somewhat the thickest^ maxillae atid a membranous labium united. The body is most frequently bristled with hairs and, with the wings, forms an elongated triangle, like several of the Noctuae and Pyrales. The first segment of the thorax is small. The wings are simply veined, usually coloured, or almost opaque, silky or pilose in several, and always strongly tecti- form. The legs are elongated, are furnished with small spines and have five joints in all the tarsi. These Insects chiefly fly at night or during the evening, diff"use a disagreeable odour, frequently penetrate into houses, where they are attracted by the light, and are extremely quick and agile in all their motions. In coition they are joined end to end and remain so a long time. The smaller species flit about in flocks over ponds and rivers. Several females carry their eggs in a greenish bundle at the poste- rior extremity of their abdomen. De Geer saw some of these eggs which were enclosed in a glairy substance resembling the spawn of a Frog, and deposited on plants or other bodies on the banks of rivers. See. Their larvae, called by some of the older naturalists Ligniperdes and by others Charrtes, always, like the Tineae, inhabit tubes that are usually cylindrical, covered with various substances which they find in the water, such as blades of grass, bits of reeds, leaves, roots, seeds, grains of sand, and even little shells, and frequently arranged symmetrically. They connect these various bodies with silken threads, the source of which is contained in internal reservoirs simi- lar to those of Caterpillars, and that are also produced by I'usi situ- ated in the lip. The interior of the habitation forms a tube which is open at both ends for the intromission of water. The larva always transports its domicil along with it, protrudes the anterior extre- mity of its body while progressing, never quits its dwelling, and when found to do so, returns to it voluntarily when left within its reach. These larvs are elongated and almost cylindrical; their head is squamous and furnished with stout mandibles and a little eye on each side; they have six feet, the two anterior shorter and usually thicker than the others which are elongated. Their body is com- posed of twelve rings, the fourth of which is furnished on each side with a conical mammilla: the last is terminated by two movable hooks. In most of them we also observe two ranges of white mem- branous and extremely flexible threads which seem to be organs of respiration. When about to become nymphs, they fix their tubes to diff'erent bodies, but always in water, and close the two orifices with a grating. 78 INSECTA. the form of which, as well as thai of the tube itself, varies accord- ing to the species. In fixing their portable dwelling, they so manage it that the aper- ture, which is at the point d'appui, is never obstructed. The nymph is furnished anteriorly with two hooks, which cross each other and somewhat resemble a rostrum or snout. With it, when the period of its last mjetamorphosis has arrived, it perforates one of the grated septa in order to procure egress. Hitherto immovable, it now walks or swims with agility, by means of its four anterior feet, which are free, and furnished with thick fringes of hairs. The nymphs of the large species leave the water altogether, and climb on various bodies, where their final change is effected. The small ones simply rise to the surface, where they are transformed to winged Insects, in the manner of the Culices and va- rious Tipulariae; their exuvium serves them for a boat. In some the inferior wings are evidently Avider than the others, and plaited. Seuicostoma, Lat. Where, in one of the sexes, the maxillary palpi are in the form of valvulae, covering the mouth in the manner of a rounded snout, and triarticulated; under them is a thick and cotton-like down. Those of the other sex are filiform, and consist of five joints(l). Phryganea proper. Where the mouth is similar in both sexes, and the maxillary palpi are shorter than the head and thorax, and but scarcely pilose. P. grandis; Roes. ', Insect., II, Ins. Aq. cl, 2, xvii. The largest species in France^ antennae as long as the body; superior wings greyish-brown, with cinereous spots, a longitudinal black stripe, and two or three white dots at their extremity. The tube of its larva is invested with little pieces of bark, or ligneous matters arranged horizontally. P. striata, L.; Geoif., Insect., II, xiii, 5. About an inch long; fulvous; eyes black; nervures somewhat darker than the rest of the wing. P. rhomhica; Roes., Insect., II, Ins. Aq., cl, 2, xvi. Length (1) A genus established on a species from the environs of Aix, sent to me by M. Boyer de Fons-Colombe, and which has been also brought from the Levant by M. de Labillardiere NEUROPTERA. 79 seven lines and of a brown yellow; a large, white, rhomboidal, and lateral spot on the superior wings. The tube of its larva is covered with little stones and frag- ments of shelJs(l). Certain species, such as the Jilosa, quadrifasciala, longicornis^ hirta, nigra, have excessively long antennae, and maxillary palpi also extremely long and densely pilose. They form the subgenus Mystacida, Lat. In the others the four wings are narrow, lanceolate, almost equal, and without plicae. To this division belongs the Hydroptila, Dalm. Where the antennae are short, almost granose, and of equal thick- ness(2). Another subgenus — Psychomyia — might be formed of Phryganese with similar wings, but in which the antennae are long and seta- ceous, as in almost all the others. We frequently observe in the gar- dens of France, on the leaves of various shrubs, a very small and active species, the body of which is fulvous brown, and the antennae annulated with whitej it appears to me to be new or imperfectly de- scribed. ORDER IX. HYMEN0PTERA(3). In this family we still find four membranous and naked wings, and a mouth composed of mandibles, maxillge and two (1) For the other species, see Fabricius, De Geer and RcEsel. (2) Anal. Entom., p. 26. (3) The Piezata, Fab. 80 INSECTA. lips; but these wings, of which the superior are always largest, have fewer nervures than those of the Neuroptera, and are not veined; the abdomen of the females is terminated by an ovipositor or sting. Besides their compound eyes they are all provided with three small simple ones. Their antennai vary, not only ac- cording to the genus, but even in the sexes of the same spe- cies ; generally, however, they are filiform or setaceous. The maxillae and labium are usually narrow, elongated, and fixed in a deep cavity of the head by long muscles(l), form a semi- tube inferiorly, are frequently folded up at their extremity, and better adapted for the transmission of nutritious fluids than for mastication ; in several they form a proboscis. The ligula is membranous, either widened at its extremity, or long and fdiform, having the pharynx at its anterior base, and being frequently covered by a sort of sub-labrum or eplpharynx. They have four palpi, two maxillary and two labial. The thorax consists of three united segments, of which the anterior is very short and the two last are confounded in one(2). The wings are laid horizontally on the body. The abdomen is most commonly suspended by a little thread or pedicle to the posterior extremity of the thorax. The tarsi consist of five entire joints, none of them being divided. The ovipositor and sting(3) are generally composed of three long and slender (1) The mentum, here, participates in this general motion, while in the other triturating- Insects it is fixed and immovable. (2) The metathorax, properly so called, is very short, forms but a simple superior hoop, and is intimately united with the first segment of the abdomen, so that in truth, the thorax, viewed from above, is composed of four segments, the second and last of which are the largest; in a great number, the latter presents two very distinct stigmata. When the abdomen is pediculated, its second segment, always supposing the preceding one to belong to it, is apparently the first. (3) Both are formed on the same model. From the middle of the posterior and inferior extremity of the abdomen, proceed two laminte, each composed of two pieces, sometimes valvular and serving as a sheath, and sometimes in the form of a stylet or of palpi. Between them are two other pieces united in one, which com- pose the ovipositor or sting. When they form a sting, the superior receives the other in an inferior canal or groove. In the Tenthredinetse, the ovipositor consists of two pieces, resembling blades of knives, applied one against the other by the side; they are striated transversely, and dentated along the margin. HYMENOPTERA. 81 pieces, two of which serve as a sheath to the third in those which are provided with an ovipositor, and one alone, the superior, has a groove underneath for lodging the two others. In those where this ovipositor is transformed into a sting, this offensive weapon and the oviduct are serrated at the ex- tremity. M. Jurine has discovered good auxiliary characters for the distinction of genera, in the articulation of the wings(l) ; to describe them, however, would not be in unison with the na- ture of this work, and could not remove the necessity of re- ferring to his. We will merely observe that he chiefly em- ploys those resulting from the presence or absence, number, form and connexion of two sorts of cells situated near the ex- ternal margin of the superior wings, which he styles radial and cubital. The middle of this margin most commonly pre- sents a little callosity called the wrist or carpus. From the latter arises a nervure, which running towards the extremity of the wing, forms, in conjunction with this margin, the cell named radial^ that is sometimes divided into two. Near this spot arises a second nervure, which also proceeds to the pos- terior margin, leaving a space between it and the preceding one — this space is that of the cubital cells, the number of which varies from one to four(2). The Hymenoptera undergo a complete metamorphosis. Most of. their larvae resemble worms and are destitute of feet; such, for instance, are those of our second and following fami- lies. Those of the first have six hooked feet, and frequently from twelve to sixteen others that are simply membranous. These latter have been named pseudo-caterpillars. Both kinds have a squamous head provided with mandibles, max- (1) Nouv. Meth. de class, les Hymen, et les Dipt. (2) See Encyc. Method., article Radiale, where this method is well described and perfected. Jurine has also published an excellent work on the organization of the wings in the Hymenoptera, in tlie Mem. Ac. .Sc. Tur. We are also in- debted to M. Chabrier, for his researches on this matter; they are, however, more general in their application. They are inserted in the Mem. du Mas. d'Hist. Nat. Vol. IV.— L 82 INSECTA. illse, and a lip ; at the extremity of the latter is a fiisus for the transmission of the silky material that is to be employed in con- structing the cocoon of the nymph. Some feed on vegetable substances, while others, always destitute of feet, devour the carcases of Insects together with their larvae, nymphs, and even eggs. To remedy their want of locomotive powers, the mother furnishes them with provisions, sometimes by transporting aliment into the nests she has prepared for them, which are frequently constructed with so much art as to excite our wonder and surprise, and sometimes by depositing her eggs in the body of the larvae and nymphs of Insects, on which her progeny are to feed. Other larvJE of Hymenoptera, also destitute of feet, require more elaborated and frequently renewed supplies of aliment, both vegetable and animal. These are reared in common by neuters forming communities, of which they have the sole care ; their labours and mode of life will always continue to excite our admiration and astonishment. Almost all Hymenopterous Insects, in their perfect state, live on flowers and are usually most abundant in southern cli- mates. Their period of life, from their birth to their ultimate metamorphosis, is limited to a year. - M. Leon Dufour in his Memoire sur PAnatomie des Sco- lies — Journ. de Phys., Sept. 1828 — remarks, that in all the Hymenoptera submitted to his scalpel, the trachese are a de- gree more perfect than those of the other orders of Insects; that instead of being formed by cylindrical and elastic vessels, the diameter of which decreases by their successive divisions, they present constant dilatations, decided vesicles favourable to the greater or less permanence of air, and susceptible of extension and diminution, according to the quantity of that fluid admitted. On each side of the base of the abdomen may be found one of these vesicles ; it is large, oval, and of a dead lacteous-white, giving off here and . there vascular tracheae which are distributed among the adjacent organs. In penetrating into the thorax it is strangulated, dilates again. HYMENOPTERA. 83 and insensibly degenerates into a tube, the subdivisions of which are lost in the head. Behind these two abdominal ve- sicles, the organ of respiration continues on in two filiform tubes, giving off an infinity of raraous branches, and becoming confluent near the anus. In the Xylocopse and Bombi, the anterior superior surface of each of the two great abdominal vesicles is furnished with a cylindrical, elastic, greyish body, but adhering throughout its length in the Xylocopse, and free in the Bombi. M. Dufour thinks that this body, which is directed towards the insertion of the wing, has some part in the production of the humming noise made by these Insects, inasmuch as that sound may continue after the wings have been taken off. I will divide this order into two sections. The first, or that of the Terebrantia, is characterized by the presence of an ovipositor in the females. I divide this section into two great families. FAMILY I. SECURIFERA. Our first family is distinguished from the following ones by a sessile abdomen, or the base of which is joined to the thorax throughout its whole thickness, that seems to be a continua- tion of it and to have no separate motion(l). The females are provided with an ovipositor that is most commonly serrated, and which not only enables them to de- posit their eggs, but likewise to prepare a place for their re- ception. The larvae always have six squamous feet, and fre- quently others that are membranous. (1) The segment, bearing' the inferior wings, is separated from the following one or the first of the abdomen, by a transverse incisure or articulation. The other segments then follow uninterruptedly, and without any particular strangu- lation. 84 INSECTA. This family is composed of two tribes. In the first, that of the Tentiiredinet/e, Lat., vulgarly termed Mouches-a-scie, or Saw-flies, we observe elongated and compressed mandibles ; a trifid or sort of digitated ligula ; an ovipositor formed of two serrated, pointed blades, united and lodged in a groove under the anus. The maxillary palpi are all composed of six joints, and the labials of four; the latter are always the shortest. The wings are always di- vided into numerous cells. This tribe forms the genus Tenthredo, Lin. The cylindrical abdomen of these Insects which is rounded poste- riorly, composed of nine anniili, and so closely joined to the thorax that the two seem to be continuous; the ragged appearance of their wings; the two little rounded, granular, and usually coloured bodies situated behind the scutellum, together with their heavy port, cause them to be easily recognized. The form and composition of the an- tennae vary. Their mandibles are strong and denlated. The ex- tremity of their maxillae is almost membranous, or less coriaceous than their stem. Their palpi are filiform or nearly setaceous, and consist of six joints. The ligula is straight, rounded, and divided into three doubled portions, the intermediate of which is the nar- rowest; its sheath is usually short, and its palpi, shorter than the maxillarics, consist of four joints, the last almost bordering on an oval. The abdomen of the female presents at its inferior extremity a, double, movable, squamous ovipositor that is serrated, pointed, and lodged between two concave laminae, forming its sheath or case. It is by the alternate action of the teeth of this ovipositor, that the Insect makes a number of little holes in the branches, and various other parts of trees and plants, in each of which it first deposits an egg, and then a foaming liquid, the use of which, it is presumed, is to prevent the aperture from closing. The wounds m^de in this way become more and more convex by the increasing size of the egg. Sometimes these excrescences assume the form of a gall-nut, either ligneous or soft and pulpy, or resemble a little fruit, accord- ing to the nature of the parts of the plant that are affected by them. These tumours then form the domicil of the larvae which inhabit them either solitarily or in society. There they undergo their met- amorphosis, and issue from them through a circular opening made in their parietes by the teeth of the Insect. Generally speaking, HYMENOPTERA. 85 however, these larvae live exposed on the leaves of the trees and plants on which they feed. In the general form of the body, its colours, the exterior disposition of its dermis, and in the great number of feet these larvae closely resemble caterpillars, and have been called false, or pseudo-caterpillars : but they are distinguished from the latter by having from eighteen to twenty-two feet, the number of these organs in the caterpillar being from ten to sixteen. Several of these pseudo-caterpillars roll themselves up spirally; in others the posterior portion of the body is arched. In order to be- come nymphs they spin a cocoon, either in the earth, or on the plants where they have lived. There they pass several consecutive months, or even the whole winter, in their first state, and only pass into that of a nymph a few days previous to the one in which they appear as perfect Insects or Saw-flies. M. Dutrochet, corresponding member of the Academic des Sci- ences, has published some observations on the alimentary canal of these Insects in the Journal Physique. In some, where the antennae in several consist of but nine joints, and where the internal extremity of the two anterior tibice is fur- nished with two straight and divergent spines, the ovipositor does not project posteriorly. Here the labrum is always apparent, and the middle of the inner side of the four posterior tibiae is destitute of spines, or presents but one. The larvae or pseudo-caterpillars have from twelve to sixteen membranous feet. The antennae, always short, sometimes terminate either in a thick inflation in the form of a reversed cone rounded at the extremity, or of a button, or in a large joint forming an elongated, prismatic or cylindrical club forked in some males? the number of the preceding joints is five at most. Those species, in which these organs, similar in both sexes, are terminated by a globuliform inflation, or by one resembling a re- versed cone rounded at the extremity(l), and preceded by from four to five joints, and where the two nervures of the superior wings form- ing the rib, as far as the callous point, are contiguous, or closely approximated and parallel, without a wide intermediate sulcus, form the genus (1) This inflation is formed by the fifth or sixth joint, but whicli, in several, presents vestig-es of twro or three annular divisions. 86 INSECTA. CiMBEX, Oliv. Fab. — Crabro, Geoff. The larvae have but twenty-two feet. Some of them when irritated spurt a greenish liquor from the sides of their body to the distance of a foot. Dr Leach(l), by having recourse to the number of joints anterior to the club, their relative proportions and the arrangement of the cells of the wings, has divided the genus Cimbex into several others, one of which, Perga(2), is peculiar to New Holland, and is distin- guished from all the others by the following characters. The four posterior tibiae have a movable spine on the middle of their inferior side. The scutellum is large and square, with its posterior angles projecting in the form of teeth. The valves that sheathe the ovi- positor are covered externally with numerous short and frizzled hairs. The antennae are very short and have six joints, the last of which, or the club, is without any vestiges of annuli as in Syzygonia, a genus established by Kliig on some species from Brazil(3). The radial cell is appendiculated, and there are four cubital cells, the second and third of which receive, each, a recurrent nervure — the transverse nervures of the disk. M. Lepeletier de St Fargeau, in an excellent Monograph of the Tcnthredinetae, only adopts the genus Perga, and in conjunction with him we will consider those of the English naturalist as simple divi- sions of Cimbex. The two following species belong to that number in which the antennae have five joints before the club. C. lutea; Tenthredo luiea, L.j De Geer, Insect., II, xxxiii, 8 — 16. About an inch in length; brown; antennae yellow; abdomen yellow, with violet-black bands. The larva, or pseudo-caterpillar, is of a deep yellow, with a blue stripe, edged with black along the back. On the Willow, Birch, &c. (1) Zool. Miscel., Ill, p. 100, et seq. (2) Ibid., 116, cxlviii; Lepel., Monog. Tenthred., p. 40. (3) Monog. Entom., p. 177; in the same work, p. 171, he gives the characters of another genus Pachyhstida, also peculiar to Brazil. The antennae consist of five joints. The superior wings are dilated near their extremity, and the callous point is semilunar. The second, third and fourth joints of the posterior tarsi are very short. He mentions three species. The genus Perga, on account of the cells of the wings and the spines of the posterior tibia, should come directly before Hylotoma. HYMENOPTERA. 87 C. femorata; Tenthredo femorata^ L.j De Geer, Insect., II, xxxiv, 1 — 6. Large; blackj antennae and ovipositor of a brown- yellovvj blackish-brown spots on the posterior margin of the superior wings^ posterior thighs very large, in one of the sexes at least. The larva lives also on the Willow; it is green, with three stripes on the back, that in the middle bluish and those on the sides yellowish(l). Those species, in which the antennae present but three very distinct joints, the last of which forms an elongated, prismatic or cylindri- cal club, more slender, ciliated and sometimes forked in the males; and where the two costal nervures of the superior wings are very remote from each other, constitute the subgenus Hylotoma, Lat. Fab. — Cryptus, Jur. Some — ScHYzocERA, Lat.; Cryptus^ Leach, Lepel.-^have four cu- bical cells, and the antennae forked in the males. The middle of the tibiae is destitute of spines(2). Others — Hylotoma properly so called — similar to the preceding in their wings, have their antennae terminated in both sexes by a sim- ple or undivided joint. Most of them — Hylotomes^ Lepel. — have a spine in the middle of the four posterior tibiae. The larvae or pseudo- caterpillars have from eighteen to twenty feet. H. rosae; Tenthredo rosx, L. ; Roes., Insect., II, Vesp., II. Four lines in length; head, top of the thorax, and exterior mar- gin of the superior wings, black; remainder of the body saffron- yellow; tarsi annulated with black. The larva is yellow, dotted with black; it gnaws the leaves of the Rose-tree. M. Lepeletier reunites to the Cryptus, Leach, certain species which only differ from the preceding ones in the absence of spines on the middle of the four posterior tibiae. Other Hylotomss, distinguished by the same negative character, but which have but three cubital cells, form his genus Ptilla(3). (1) For the other species, see Oliv., Encyc. Method., article Cimbex; Fab.; Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., HI, p. 227; Jurine, genus Tenthredo; Panz., Hymen.; and the works already quoted. (2) Leach, Zool. Miscell., Ill, p. 124; Lepel., Monog., Tenthred., p. 52. (3) Lepel., lb., p. 49. For the other species of Hylotomsc, see the same work, the preceding one of Dr Leach, and the Monograph of the various genera of this family by Kliig. 88 INSECTA. Sometimes the antennae have at least nine very distinct joints, and do not terminate suddenly in a club. In some, and the greater number, the antennae, always simple in both sexes, or at least in the females, have fourteen joints at most, and commonly but nine. Tenthredo, Lat. Fab. Or Tenthredo proper, where the antennae consist of nine simple joints in both sexes. The larvae have from eighteen to twenty-two feet. The number of dentations in the mandibles of the perfect Insect varies from two to four. The superior wings also differ in the num- ber of their radial and cubital cells. These characters have been used to establish several other subgenera, which we will unite with the present one. They are composed of the AUantes^ Doleres^ Ne- metes, 8cc. of Jurine, and of the Fristophose, formed of the third family of the Pterones of that naturalist, with some others of Dr Leach. T. scrophidariae, L.; Panz., Faun. Insect., Germ., C, 10, the male. Five lines in length; black; antennae fulvous and some- what thickest at the extremity; annuli of the abdomen, the second and third excepted, margined posteriorly with yellow; tibiae and tarsi fulvous. It resembles a Wasp. The larva has twenty-two feet; white, with black head and points. It feeds on the leaves of the Scrophulariae. T. viridis, L.; Panz., Faun. Insect. Germ., LXIV, 2. The same length; antennae setaceous; body green; spots on the tho- rax and a band along the middle of the superior part of the ab- domen, black. On the Birch(l). De Geer has given us the description of a very singular spe- cies in its form of a larva, that which he calls Mouche-d-scie of jthe larve-limace, arid to which he refers the Tenthredo cerasi, L. It is black, with blackish wings and brown feet. The larva is extremely common on the leaves of various fruit-trees in the gardens of France. On account of its fo'rm, Reaumur called it Fausse Chemille Tetard. It is entirely black, and covered with a glutinous humour, which has also caused it to be compared to a Snail. M. Peck, an American botanist, has also furnished us with (1) For the othei' species, sec the authors just quoted. HYMENOPTERA. 89 the complete history of another species, the larva of which is similar. Others, in which the antennae also consist of nine joints, differ from the preceding in those of the males which are pectinated on one side. Cladius, Kliig, Lat.(l) Some others, with a short, thick body, like_that of the Hylotomae, and considered as such by Fabricius, have from ten to fourteen joints in the antennae, which are simple in both sexes. Athalia, Leach(2). The following species are remarkable for their antennae, which are composed of sixteen joints at least, pectinated or flabelliform in the males, and serrated in the females. In this respect they lead us to the Megalodontes, the first subgenus of the ensuing subdivision. Pterygophorus, Kliig. Where the antennae have but a single range of teeth, and simply longer or pectinated in the males, and short and serrated in the females; here they are evidently enlarged at the extremity(3). LoPHYRUs, Lat. Where the antennae, in the males, have a double range of elongated teeth forming a large triangular panache, and are serrated in the females. To this subgenus I refer the first family of the Pterones of M. Ju- rine, as well as the first division of the Hylotomse of Fabricius. The larvae or pseudo-caterpillars live in society, more particularly on the Pines. They are very injurious to the young plants(4). There, the labrum is concealed or but slightly salient. The inner side of the four posterior tibise, anterior to its extremity, presents two spines, and frequently even a third above the preceding pair. (1) Lepel., Ibid., p. 57. (2) Lepel., Ibid., p. 21. In this genus, Dr Leach only comprises those spe- cies which are furnished with ten joints. Kliig arranges them among his Em- phyti. (3) See KlUg, Leach and Lepeletier, Ibid. (4) Lepelet., Ibid., and the Monog. of this subgenus, pubhshed by Kliig, in the Mem. Nat. Cur. of Berlin. Vol. IV.— M 90 INSECTA. The antennae are always multiarticulated, the head is large, square, placed on a little neck, and has strongly crossed mandibles. They appear in spring. The larvse of the greater number are destitute of membranous feet, and inhabit silken nests of their own spinning, formed round the leaves of various trees. They constitute the genus Cephaleia of Jurine, which has been divided into two. Megalodontes, Lat. — TarpUj Fab. Where the antennae are serrated or pectiniform(l). Pamphilius, Lat. — Lyda^ Fab. Where those organs are simple in both sexes. Their larvae are destitute of membranous feet, and the posterior extremity of their body is terminated by two horns. They feed on leaves, which they frequently double in order to remain concealed(2). In the last of the Tenthredinetae, the ovipositor is prolonged be- yond its groove and projects posteriorly. The inner extremity of the two anterior tibiae presents distinctly but a single spine, curved and terminated by two teeth. The antennae are always composed of a great number of simple joints. Xyela, Dalm. — PinicolOi Br^b. — Mastigocerus, KlUg. The Xyelae are very distinct by their geniculate antennae forming a sort of whip, that are abruptly attenuated near their extremity, and consist of eleven joints, the third of which is very long; as well as by their very long and equally flagelliform maxillary palpi. The thick or callous point of the superior wings is replaced by a cell. The laminae of the ovipositor are smooth and entire. The larvae inhabit the interior of plants or old wood(3). (1) See the preceding works, and tlie Entom. Monog., Kliig, p. 183. (2) Ibid. Encyc. Method., article PariphiUe, and the Monograph of the genus Lyda of Kliig, in the Mem. Nat. Cur. of Berlin. See also the Monograph of M. Lepeletier. (3) See Dalm., Anal. Entom., p. 27. The number of joints is the same as in the preceding Insects, and in this respect, that naturalist is mistaken. See also the Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., 2d edit., article Pinicok, and the Monograph of the Tenthredinit3e of M. Lepeletier. HYMENOPTERA. 91 Cephus, Lat. Fab. — Trachelus, Jur. Where the antennae are thickest near the end, and inserted near the front. According to certain observations published in the Bullet. Univers. , of Baron Ferussac, the larva of the most common species — pygmaeiis — lives in the interior of the stems of the wheat( 1). XiPHYDRiA, Lat. Vah.^Urocerus, Jur. Where the antennae are inserted near the mouth, and more atte- nuated towards the extremity(2). The second tribe, that of the Urocerata, Lat., is distin- guished from the preceding one by the following characters : the mandibles are short and thick ; the ligula is entire ; the ovipositor of the females is sometimes very salient and com- posed of three threads, and sometimes capillary and spirally convoluted in the interior of the abdomen. This tribe is composed of the genus SiREX, Lin. The antennae are filiform or setaceous, vibratile, and formed by from ten to twenty-five joints. The head is rounded and almost globu- lar; the labrum very small; the maxillary palpi are filiform with from two to five joints, and the labials with three, the last of which is the thickest. The body is almost cylindrical. The anterior or poste- rior tarsi, and in several the colour of the abdomen, differ according to the sex. The female deposits her eggs in old trees, most com- monly in Pines. Her ovipositor is lodged at base between two valves, forming a groove. Oryssus, Lat. Fab. Where the antennae are inserted near the mouth and consist often or eleven joints. The mandibles are edentated, and the maxillary (1) See the work already quoted, and the Monog. of the g'enus Sirex of Kliig', G. Asfatus. (2) Ibid., and Jiirine. KUig' designates this genus by the name of HybonoUts . 92 INSECTA. palpi long and formed of five joints; the posterior extremity of the abdomen is almost rounded or but slightly prolonged, and the ovi- positor capillary and spirally convoluted in the interior of the ab- domen. The two species known are found in Europe, on the trees only, in the spring. They are very activc(l). \ SiREX, Lin. — Urocerus, Geoff., Or Sirex proper, where the antennae are inserted near the front and consist of from thirteen to twenty-five joints. The man- dibles are dentated on the inner side, and the maxillary palpi very small, almost conical, and biarticulated. The extremity of the last segment of the abdomen is prolonged into a sort of tail or horn, and the ovipositor is salient and formed of three filaments. These Insects, which are tolerably large, more particularly inha- bit the Pine forests of cold and mountainous countries, produce in flying a humming like that of a Bombus, Etc., and in certain seasons have appeared in such numbers as to strike the people with terror. The larva has six feet, and the posterior extremity of its body terminates in a point. It lives in wood, where it spins a cocoon, and completes its metamorphosis. S. gigas, L., the female — S. mariscus, L., the male; Roes., Insect., II, Vesp., viii, ix. The female is above an inch in length and black, with a spot behind each eye; the second ring of the abdomen and the three last, yellow. The abdomen of the female is fulvous-yellowish with a black extremity. The Tremex of Jurine only differs from Sirex in the antennae, which are shorter, less slender at the end, or filiform only, consisting of thirteen or fourteen joints, and in the superior wings which have but two cubital cells(2). (1) See Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., Ill, p. 245, and Encyc. Method., article Orysse. (2) See Lat., Ibid., Ill, p. 238; the Monograph of this genus by Kliig; the work of Jurine and that of Panzer on the Hymenoptera. HYMENOPTERA. 93 FAMILY II. PUPIVORA. In the second family of the Hymenoptera we find the ab- domen attached to the thorax by a simple portion of its trans- versal diameter, and even most frequently by a very small thread or pedicle, in such a manner that its insertion is very distinct, and that it moves on that part of the body(l). The females are provided with an ovipositor. The larvsB are destitute of feet and mostly parasitical and carnivorous. I divide this family into six tribes. In the first, that of the Evaniales, Lat., the wings are veined, and the superior ones, at least, are lobate ; the an- tennas filiform or setaceous, and composed of thirteen or four- teen joints ; the mandibles dentated on the inner side ; the maxillary palpi composedof six joints, and the labials of four. The abdomen is implanted on the thorax, in several under the scutellum, and has an ovipositor usually salient and formed of three filaments. This tribe appears to form but the single genus Fgenus. Sometimes the ovipositor is concealed, or but very slightly salient, and resembles a little sting. The ligula is trifid, a character which approximates these Insects to the preceding Hymenoptera. EvANiA, Fab. — Sphex, Lin. Where the antennae are geniculate, and the very small, compre'ss- (1) The first segment of the abdomen forms the posterior extremity of the thorax, and unites intimately with the metathorax, so that the second segment of the abdomen becomes the first. 94 INSECTA. ed, triangular or ovoid abdomen, abruptly pediculated at its origin, is inserted into the posterior and superior extremity of the thorax, under the scutellum(l). Pelecinus, Lat. Fab. Where the abdomen, as in the following subgenus, inserted much lower, a little above the origin of the posterior legs, is elongated, sometimes filiform, very long and arcuated, and sometimes gradu- ally narrowed towards its base and terminated like a club. The posterior tibiae are inflated. The antenn3e are straight and very smaU{2). Sometimes the ovipositor projects greatly and is formed of three distinct and equal threads. In some, the abdomen and posterior tibiae are clavate; the antennae are filiform, and the ligula is entire or simply emarginated. Such is Foenus proper, or Fa-:Nus, Fab. — Ichneumon^ Lin. (3) The abdomen of the others is compressed, ellipsoidal, or falci- form, and all their tibiae are slender. The antennae are setaceous. AuLAcus, Jur. Spin. Where the abdomen is ellipsoidal(4). Paxylloma, Br6b. Where the abdomen is falciform(5). In the second tribe, that of the Ichneumonides, the wings are also veined, the superior ones always presenting complete or closed cells in their disk. The abdomen originates be- tween the two posterior legs. The antennae are generally (1) See Fab., Jur., Lat, Gen. Crust- et Insect., Ill, p. 250. (2) See the works already quoted, and Encyc. Method., article Pelecine. (3) See Jurine, Hymenopt. ; Lat., Gener., Crust, et Insect., IV, 3; and Panzer on the Hymenoptera. See also Spinol., Insect. Ligur. (4) Idem. (5) See the Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. 2d edit.; a subgenus formed on a single species closely allied to the Ophion, Fab. HYMENOPTERA. 95 filiform or setaceous, rarely clavate, vibratile, and multiarti- ciliated, being composed of sixteen joints at least. In most of them the mandibles have no tooth on the inner side, and ter- minate in a bifid point. The maxillary palpi, always appa- rent or salient, consist most commonly of but five joints. The ovipositor is formed of three threads. This tribe embraces almost the whole genus Ichneumon, Lin.(l) These Insects destroy the posterity of the Lepidoptera, so noxious to the agriculturalist under the form of caterpillars, just as the quad- ruped so called is said to destroy that of the Crocodile by breaking its eggs, and even by introducing itself into the body of the animal in order to devour its entrails. Some authors have called them Mouches tripiles, on account of the three setae which compose their ovipositor, and Mouches vibrantes, because their antennae are continually vibrating. These organs are frequently curled (contournees), and have a white or yellowish an- nular spot in the middle. Their maxillary palpi are elongated, almost setaceous, and consist of from five to six joints; the labials are shorter, filiform, and have but from three to four joints. The ligula is usually entire or simply emarginated. The body is most frequently narrow and elongated or linear, with the ovipositor sometimes exterior and resembling a tail, and sometimes very short and concealed in the interior of the abdomen, which then terminates in a point, whilst in those where the ovipositor is salient it is thicker, and as if clavate and truncated posteriorly. Of the three pieces which compose this instrument the intermediate is the only one that penetrates into the bodies in which these Insects de- posit their eggs^ its extremity is flattened, and sometimes resem- bles the nib of a pen. The females, anxious to lay, are continually flying or walking about(2), in order to discover the larvae, nymphs, and eggs of In- (1) This genus comprises upwards of twelve hundred species, and its study is ex- tremely difficult. The labours of MM. Gravenhorst and Nees de Esenbeck have rendered it somewhat easier. The former of these g-entlemen has lately pub- lished the prospectus of a complete work on these Insects, and we have every reason to believe that this interesting portion of entomology will be henceforward as well understood as the state of the science will allow. (2) Some species are apterous or have but very short wings. They are the subject of a particular Monograph published by M. Gravenhorst, who has also favoured us with another on the Ichneumons of Piemont. 96 INSECTA. sects, and even Spiders, Aphides, £cc., destined to receive their ova, and when hatched, to sustain their offspring. In this search they ex- hibit a wonderful degree of instinct, which reveals to ihem the most secret retreats of its objects. Those which are provided with along ovipositor deposit the germs of their race in the fissures or holes of trees, or under their bark. In this operation the ovipositor proper is introduced almost perpendicularly, and is completely disengaged from its semi-scabbards, which remairt parallel to each other, and supported in the air, in the line of the body. Those females in which the ovipositor is very short, and but slightly or not at all ap- parent, deposit their ova in the body of larvse, caterpillars, and nymphs, which are exposed or very accessible. The larvae of the Ichneumonides, like all the others of the suc- ceeding families, are destitute of feet. Those which, in the manner of intestinal worms, inhabit the bodies of larvae or caterpillars, where they sometimes form communities, only attack the adipose substance — corps graisseux — or such of the internal parts as are not necessary to their existence. When about to become nymphs, how- ever, they perforate their skin in order to open a passage, or put them to death, and there tranquilly undergo their ultimate metamor- phosis. Such also are the habits of those which feed on nymphs or chrysalides. Nearly all of them spin a silken cocoon, in which they become nymphs. These cocoons are sometimes agglomerated, either naked, or enveloped in a sort of tow or cotton, in an oval mass, frequently found attached to the stems of plants. The symmetrical arrangement of the cocoons of one species forms an alveolar body, resembling the honeycomb of our domestic Bee. The silk of these cocoons is sometimes of a uniform yellow or white, and sometimes mixed with black or filaments of two colours. Those of some spe- cies are suspended to a le^af or twig, by means of a long thread. Reaumur has observed that when detached from the bodies to which they are fixed, they make repeated jumps to about the height of four inches, the larva enclosed in the cocoon approximating the two extremities of its body, and then suddenly returning to a straight line in the manner of various skipping larvae of Dipterous Insects, found on old cheese. This family is extremely rich in species. The difference in the number of joints, found in the palpi, may serve as a basis of three principal divisions. The first will comprise those species in which the maxillary palpi have five joints, and the labials four. The second cubital cell is very small, and almost circular or null. We will form a first subdivision with those in which the head is never prolonged anteriorly in the form of a snout or rostrum, in which the ligula is not deeply emarginated, and in which the max- HYMENOPTERA. 97 illary palpi are much elongated, their last joints, in form and pro- portion, differing evidently from the preceding ones. The ovipo- sitor is not covered at base by a large lamina in the form of a vomer. Here, this ovipositor is extremely salient. Some species are distinguished from the others by their almost globular head, their mandibles terminated in an entire or but slightly emarginated point, and by the elongation of their metathorax. The second cubital cell is frequently wanting. Such are those which form the Stephanus, Jur. — Pimpla, Bracon, Fab. Where the thorax is much thinned anteriorly, and on a level at its posterior extremity with the origin of the abdomen, so that this part of the body appears almost sessile and inserted in the posterior and superior extremity of the thorax as in the Evanise. The poste- rior thighs are inflated, and several little tubercles are observable on the vertex(l). XoRiDEs, Lat. — Pimpla, Cryplus, Fab. Where the metathorax is convex and rounded at its descent, so that the abdomen is inserted, as usual, at its inferior extremity, and presents a very distinct pedicle(2). Of those species in which the head is transverse, and the mandi- bles are very distinctly bifid or well emarginated at the point, some, such as form the Pimpla, Fab., Have a cylindrical and very briefly pediculated abdomen. We will cite the P. persuasoria; Ichneumon persiiasorius, L..; Panz., Faun. Insect. Germ., xix, 18. One of the largest species in Europej blackj spots on the thorax and the scutellum white; two white (1) Lat., Gener. Crust, et Insect., IX, 3; Bracon serralor. Fab.; — Pimpla coro- nator, Fab., and some other undescribed species from America. (2) Lat., Gener. Crust, et Insect., IX, 4. The Pimpla mediator,- necator and mdiorator, Fab., are probably Xorides; his Cryptus ruspator should apparently form a separate subgenus, allied to the preceding- one. Vol. IV.— N 98 INSECTA. dots on each ring of the abdomen; legs fulvous; ovipositor as long as the body. P. manifest at or; Ichneumon manifestator , L. ; Panz. , Ibid., xix, 21. Black; scutellum of the same colour; legs fulvous. The P. ovivora. Bullet. Univers. des Sc, of the Baron Ferussac destroys the eggs of Spiders(l). In others the abdomen almost borders on an oval, and has an elon- gated, slender and arcuated pedicle. They form the Cryptus, Fab. Some species are known in which the females are apterous, and which by reason of this character and the form of the thorax, that is divided into two parts or knots, might constitute a separate sub- genus. They are almost always found on the ground(2). There, the ovipositor of the females is concealed or but slightly prolonged beyond the anus. Sometimes the abdomen is compressed and falciform, or clavate and truncated. Ophion, Fab. Where the antennae are filiform or setaceous, and where the ab- domen is falciform and truncated at the extremity. The ovipositor is somewhat salient. The second cubital cell is very small or null. O.luteus; Ichneumon hit eus, L.; Schaeff., Icon. Insect., I, 10. Russet-yellow with green eyes. The female deposits her ova on the skin of certain caterpil- lars, particularly on that called in France the queue-fourchue — Bombyx vinula. They are attached to it by means of a long and slender pedicle. There the larvae live and grow, with the posterior extremity of their body involved in the pellicle of the eggs from which they sprung, without preventing the Caterpil- lar from spinning its cocoon; but they finally kill it by consum- ing its internal substance, when they make their own cocoons, which are placed close together, and at length issue forth under the form of Ichneumons. (1) Fab., Syst. Plez.: and Encyc. Method. , article Pimple. (2) Fab., Ibid. HYMENOPTERA. 99 The larva of another species, the O. moderator. Fab., destroys that of another Ichneumon, the Pimpla strobilellx, Fab.(l) Banchus, Fab. Similar as to the antennae, but the abdomen of the females is nar- rowed at the evnd and terminated in a point(2). Helwigia. The port of the preceding Insects, but the antennae thicker near the extremity(3). Sometimes the abdomen is rather flattened than compressed, being either somewhat oval, or almost cylindrical, or fusiform. In these, the abdomen is considerably narrowed at base in the manner of a pedicle. JoppA, Fab. The Joppae are removed from the following subgenera by their antennae, which are widened or thickened anterior to the extremity, and then terminate in a point(4). Ichneumon proper. Where the head is transversal and the abdomen somewhat oval, and almost equally narrowed at both ends. Panzer has separated generically, under the name of Trogus, those species in which the scutellum forms a conical tubercle, and the abdomen presents deep transversal incisures(5). Alomya, Fab. Where the head is narrower and more rounded, with the abdo- men more widened near its posterior extremity. An Ichneumon inhabiting France, and which appears to us nearly allied to the femoralis of Gravenhorst — Ichn. Pedem., (1) Fab., Syst. Piez.; and Encyc. Method., article Ophion. (2) Fab., Ibid. (3) See the llullet. Univers. des 8c. of Baron Ferussac. (4) Fab., Syst. Piez. (5) Fab., Ibid., and Panz. Hymenopt. 100 INSECTA. No. lo6 — and otherwise closely approximated to the Alomyae, is remarkable for its pyramidal head with an anterior elevation bearing the antennae. It might form the type of another sub- genus — Hypsicera{\). In those, the abdomen is connected with the thorax by the greater portion of its transversal diameter, is almost sessile, nearly cylin- drical, and simply widened or thickened towards its posterior ex- tremity. Such are the Peltastes, Illig. — Metopius, Panz. Where there is a circular elevation under the antennae, and the lateral edges of the scutellum are turned up and sharp(2). In the second and last division of those species in which the max- illary palpi are composed of five joints and the labials of four, we observe a profoundly emarginated or almost bifid ligula, and max- illary palpi the joints of which differ but slightly, or change their figure very gradually. The ovipositor projects and is covered at base by a large lamina formed like a vomer. The posterior thighs are thick. The head in several projects in the manner of a snout. Ac^NiTus, Lat. When the head presents no anterior projection in the form of a rostrum(3). Agathis, Lat. Where it terminates inferiorly in that manner. These Insects approach the following subgenera by their wings(4). Our second division of the Ichneumons only differs from the first with respect to the number of joints in the palpi, inasmuch as there is one less in the labials, which present but three. As in most of the species of the following division, the second cubital cell is most frequently as large as the first, and nearly square. The ovipositor projects. The point of the mandibles is emarginated or bifid. (1) The same works. (2) Ichneumon necatorius. Fab.; Panz., Faun. Insect. Germ., XLVn, 21; — Ich. migraiorius, Fab.; — Ich. amictorius, Panz.. Ibid., LXXXV, 14; — Ich. dissectorius, Panz., Ibid., XCVIII, 14. See Encyc. Method., article Peltasie. (3) Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., IV, 9; Encyc. Method., Hist. Nat. Insect., X, 37. (4) Lat., Ibid., 9; Encyc. Method., Ibid., 38. HYMENOPTERA. 101 Some present a remarkable hiatus between the mandibles and the clypeus. The maxillse are prolonged inferiorly beneath the man- dibles. The second cubital cell is square and tolerably large. The ovipositor is long. They form the genus Bracon, Fab. Jur. From which we might separate, as was formerly done by me, under the generic denomination of Vipion, those species in which the an- tennae are short and filiform; in which the maxillse are proportion- ally longer, and with the labium form a sort of rostrum; and where the maxillary palpi are hardly longer than the labials. The species with setaceous antennae, at least as long as the body, in which the maxillary palpi are much longer than the labials, and where the maxillae and labium form that sort of rostrum under the mandibles, would alone be Bracones(l). The others present no hiatus between the mandibles and clypeus. The maxillae and labium are not prolonged. The second cubital cell is very small. The ovipositor, and even the abdomen are short. MiCROGASTER, Lat.(2} Our third and last division, corresponding to that of the £ assies of M. Nees d'Esenbeck, has, like the first, four joints in the labial palpi, but the maxillary palpi consist of more, that is to say of six. The abdomen is semi-sessile. Here, the mandibles become gradually narrowed, and terminate as in the preceding Insects, by two teeth, or in an emarginated or bifid point. HelcoNj Esenb. Where the abdomen, viewed above, presents several annuli, ter- minates in a long ovipositor, and is not concave beneath(3). SiGALPHUS, Lat. Where the abdomen is concave inferiorly, presents but three (1) See Lat., Gen. Crust, et Insect., IV, 9; and Encyc M^hod., Hist. Nat. In- sect., X, p. 35. (2) Lat., Ibid. (3) Nees d'Esenb., Conspect. Gener. et Famil. Ichneum., p. 29. 102 INSECTA. segments above, and the ovipositor is contracted and resembles a sting(l). Cheloxus, Jur. Where that part of the body, otherwise almost similarly formed, is inarticulated superiorly(2). There, the mandibles are almost square, with three teeth at the extremity, one in the middle, and the others formed by the projec- tion of the angles of the terminal margin. Alysia, Lat. (3) We have not yet been able to examine thoroughly, various other genera established by Messrs Gravenhort and Nees d'Esenbeck, in their Conspect. Gen. et Fam. Ichneum., and consequently have not thought it proper to speak of them. That called Anomalon by Ju- rine, must be suppressed. It is a sort of general receptacle, where he has placed all those Ichneumons in which the second cubital cell is wanting, without paying any attention to other organic differences. In the second tribe, the Gallicol/Ej Diploleparise, Lat. J we find but a single nerviire in the inferior wings. The superior present some cells or areolae, viz. two at their base, the brachials, but of which the inner one is usually in- complete and but slightly marked, another radial and triangu- lar, and two or three cubitals, of which the second, where there are three, is always very small, and the third very large, triangular, and closed by the posterior margin of the wing. The antenna" are of equal thickness throughout, or gradually enlarge, but without forming a club, and consist of from thir- teen to fifteen joints(4). The palpi are very long(5). The (1) Ibid.; Lat., Ibid. (2) Lat, Ibid.; and the Conspect., &c., of NeeS d'Ensenb. (3) Lat., Ibid. Tliis subgenus appears to connect itself with the Gallicolx; here the mandibles are always dentated on the inner side. (4) According to the sex; thirteen in the female Ibaliae, the same number in the female Figites, and fourteen in the males; fourteen in the female Cynips, and fifteen in their males. (5) The maxillary palpi usually have four joints, and the labials three, of which the last is rather the thickest. IIYMEXOPTERA. 103 ovipositor is convoluted spirally in the interior of the abdo- men, and has its posterior extremity lodged in a groove of the venter. The Gallicolse form the genus Cynips, Lin. Geoffroy disting;uishes these Insects by the improper name of Dip- lolepis^ and calls Cynips certain Insects of the following family com- prised by Linnaeus in his last division of the Ichneumons. These Insects seem to be hump-backed, having a small head and a thick and elevated thorax. Their abdomen is compressed, cari- nated or trenchant inferiorly, and truncated obliquely, or obtuse, at the extremity. That of the females contains an ovipositor which seems to consist of a single, long, and extremely slender or capillary thread convoluted spirally near the base or towards the origin of the venter, and of which the terminal portion is lodged under the anus between two elongated valvulse, each of which forms a semi-scab- bard or sheath for it. The extremity of this ovipositor is grooved, and has lateral teeth resembling the barbs on the head of an arrowj with these the Insect widens the aperture it has effected in different parts of plants for the purpose of receiving its eggs. The juices of those plants are diffused in the wounded spots and form excrescences or tumours called galls. The one most commonly known, or the gall-nut, Aleppo gall, is employed with a solution of the sulphate of iron to produce a black dye. The form and solidity of these protu- berances vary according to the nature of the parts of the plants that have been wounded, such as the leaves, petioles, buds, bark, roots, &c. Most of them are spherical; some resemble fruits, such as the galles en pomnie, galles en groseilles, galles en pepin, galles en ne/le, Sec. Others are fibrous or hairy, like that called the bedegiiar, mousse chevelue, Sec, which is observed on the wild Rose-trees. Some of them resemble artichokes, others mushrooms, Sec, &c. The eggs enclosed in these excrescences increase in size and con- sistence, and finally produce larvae destitute of feet, but frequently provided with mammillae in place of them. Sometimes they live there solitarily, and sometimes in society, feeding on their internal pa- rietes without interfering with their development, and remaining five or six months in this condition. There also some undergo their metamorphosis, to effect which others issue forth and descend into the earth where they remain till their final change is completed. ' The round holes observed on ihe exterior of the gall intimates the 104 IN SECT A. exit of the Insect. Several Insects of the following family are also sometimes found in it, but this has been by destroying the natural inhabitants, of whose domicil they have taken possession, in the manner of the Ichneumons. Certain species are apterous. One species deposits its ova in the pollen of the earliest of the wild Fig-trees. The modern Greeks, in pursuance of a method transmitted to them from antiquity, pierce several of these figs, and place them on their late bearing trees of the same genus; the Cynips soon leave their old dwelling and come out loaded with the fecundating dust, insinuate themselves into the eye of the fruit borne by the latter, fecundate its seeds, and accele- rate the period of its maturity. This operation is termed caprifi- cation. Ibalia, Lat. lUig. — Sagaris, Panz. — Banchus, Fab. Where the abdomen is strongly compressed in all its height, and is formed like the blade of a knife; the antennae are filiform. The radial cell is long and narrow; the two branchials are very distinct, and completely or entirely closed, and the two first cubitals are very small(l). FiGiTES, Lat. Jur. Where the abdomen is ovoid, thickened and rounded superiorly, or simply compressed and trenchant beneath; and where the antennae are granular and gradually enlarge. There is but one complete brachial cell, the radial is very distant from the extremity of the wing, and the second cubital is wanting(2). Cynips, Lin. — Diplolepis^ Geoff. Or Cynips proper, where the abdomen is similar, but the antennae are filiform and not granular. There is also but one complete cell at the base of the superior wings; there are three cubitals, the first of which is proportionally larger than in the Ibaliae; the radial is equally elongated. C. gallde tinctoriae; Biplolepis galke tinctoriae, Oliv. , Voy. en (1) Lat. Gen. Crust, et Insect., IV, p. 17. The maxillary palpi, according- to 'my former observations on this genus, have but five joints, whilst those of the Figitesand Cynips have but four. (2) Lat, Gen. Crust, et Insect, IV, p. 19, and Jurine. HYMENOPTEKA. 105 Turq. Very pale fulvous; covered with a silky and whitish down, with a blackish-brown and glossy spot on the abdomen. In the round, hard and tuberculous gall found on a species of Oak in the Levant, which is employed in commerce. By break- ing this gall we may frequently obtain tlie perfect Insect. C. querciis pedunculi, L.; Reaum., Insect., Ill, xl, 1 — 6. Grey, with a linear cross on the wings. It pierces the blossoms of the male flowers of the Oak, producing round tumours which resemble little bunches of fruit. C. rossBf L.; Reaum., Insect., Ill, xlvi, 5 — 8; and xlvii, 1 — 4. Black; legs and abdomen, the extremity of the latter excepted, red(l). The fourth tribe, that of the Chalcidi^, Spin., only differs essentially from the preceding one in the antennsB, which are geniculate, those of the Euchares alone excepted, and which, from the elbow, form an elongated or fusiform club, of which the first joint is frequently lodged in a groove. The palpi are very short. The radial cell is usually wanting; there is never more than one cubital cell, which is not closed. The number af joints of the antennsB never exceeds twelve. We may refer the various genera established in this tribe to the Chalcis, Fab. These Insects are very small, and are decorated with extremely bril- liant metallic colours; most of them enjoy the faculty of leaping. The ovipositor, like that of the Ichneumons, is salient and frequently composed of three threads; the larvae are also parasitical. Some of them, on account of their extreme minuteness, live in the interior of the almost imperceptible ova of Insects. Others inhabit galls and the chrysalides of the Lepidoptera. I suspect that they do not spin a cocoon. Some, in which the antennae always present eleven or twelve joints, (1) For the other species, see Linnaeus; Ollv., Encyc. Method., article Diplo- Upe; Lat., Hist. Gen. des Crust, etdes Insect., XIII., p. 206, and Gen. Crust, et Insect., IV, p. 18; Jurine and Panzer on the Hymenoptera. Dr Virey has published some new observations on the galls produced by these Insects, from an MS. memoir of the late M. Olivier. Vol. IV.— O 106 INSECTA. have the posterior thighs very large and lenticular, and their tibiae arcuated. Here the abdomen is ovoid or conical, pointed at its extremity, and pediculatedj the ovipositor is straight and rarely salient or ex- ternal. The wings are extended. Some are known in which the antennae of the males are flabelli- form. Chirocera, Lat.(l) Those of the others are simple in both sexes. Chalcis, proper. — Vespa, Sphex, Lin, Some have the abdominal pedicle elongated; such are those found in marshes, and called sispes and clavipes by Fabricius. They are both black. The posterior thighs of the first are yellow; those of the second are fulvous. M. Dalman — Anal. Entom., p. 29 — has formed the new genus DiRRHiNUS, with an African species of this division, that is remarka- ble for its deeply bifid head, which, as well as the mandibles, is pro- longed anteriorly. Two other species, enclosed in amber, where the antennae suddenly terminate in a large ovoid and triarticulated club, and where the ovipositor is salient and as long as the body, seem to him to form a particular genus, which he calls Palmon. See his Memoir on the Insects inclosed in Amber, V, 21 — 24. In the others, the pedicle of the abdomen is very short. Such are C. mmuta; vespa minuta, L. Very common on the flowers of umbelliferous plants; black, with yellow legs. C. annulata, Fab. Found in the nests of the Vespa nidulans of South America, and mistaken by Reaumur — Insect., VI, XX, 2, and xxi, 3, 4 — for the female of that Wasp. It is black; point of the abdomen elongated; a white dot at the extremity of the posterior thighs; tibise white, picked in with white(2). There, the abdomen seems as if applied to the posterior extre- mity of the metathorax, or as if sessile; it is rounded or very ob- tuse at the end, and compressed laterally. The ovipositor curves (1) Chalcis pecticornis, Lat., Gener. Crust, et Insect., IV, 26. (2) See Lat., Gen. Crust, etinsect., IV, p. 25; Fab., Syst. Piez.; Oliv., Encyc. Method., article Chalcis. HYMENOPTEllA. 107 over the back. The wings are doubled, and the superior ones pre- sent a radial cell. Leucospis, Fab. L, dorsigera, Fab., the fenmale; L. dispar, the male; Panz., Faun. Insect. Germ., LVIII, 15, the male. Black; abdomen almost twice the length of the thorax, with three yellow bands and two little spots of the same colour. The female deposits her eggs in the nest of the Meilles Magonnes of Reaumur. That of another species — L. glgas — lays in Wasp's nests(l). The others, in several of which the antennae consist of but from five to nine joints, have the posterior thighs oblong, and their tibiae straight. Of those in which the antennae, always simple in both sexes, are composed of from nine to twelve joints, we will first distinguish EucHARis, Lat. Fab. — Chalcis, Jur. The only ones of this tribe in which those organs are straight or non-geniculate. The abdomen is pediculated. I could find no ves- tiges of palpi in several individuals submitted to my inspection(2). Thoracanta, Lat. These Insects, collected in Brazil by M. de Saint-Hilaire, by the prolongation of their scutellum, which covers the wings, represent in Europe those Hemiptera called S'cutellera by M. Delamarck. The other subgenera with antennae still consisting of at least nine simple joints, but which are geniculate; and in which the wings are not covered by the scutellum, may be divided into those where these antennae are inserted near the middle of the anterior face of the head, or considerably distant from the mouth, and into those where they are inserted close to it. In those where they are removed from it, some have almost an ovoidal abdomen, compressed on the sides, or higher than it is wide, and a usually salient and ascending ovipositor. Such are those which form the (1) See the same works and the Monograph of this g'enus by Kliig-, in the Mem. Nat. Cur. of Berlin. Swammerdam appears to have known one of these species. (2) Lat., Gener. Crust, et Insect., IV, 20. 108 INSECTA. Agaon, Dalm. They are very remarkable for the magnitude and length of their head, and for their antennae, of which the first joint is very large and forms a triangular palette; the three last form an abrupt and elongated club. They are covered with hairs(l). EURYTOMA, Illig. Where the antennae are as if knotted and furnished with whirls of hairs in tlie males. The ovipositor is short(2). MisocAMPE, Lat. — Diplolepis, Fab. Where they are composed, in both sexes, of compact joints and are destitute of the whirls of hairs. The ovipositor is long. The larva of one species inhabits the gall of the wild Rose tree, and devours that of the Cynips, Avhich formed it(3). In the others the abdomen is flattened above, and either triangular and terminated in a long point in the females, or almost cordiform or nearly orbicular. The ovipositor is usually concealed, or but slightly salient. Here the nervure of the superior wings, situated near the margin, is always curved, and unites with the callous point at the exterior edge. The two posterior legs are the longest. The inner spine of the intermediate tibiae is small. Perilampus, Lat. Where the mandibles are strongly dentated; the club of the an- tennae is short and thick; the abdomen short, cordiform, and not prolonged at the extremity, and the scutellum thick and salient(4). In the two following subgenera the abdomen of the females is pro- longed into a conical point. The club of the antennae is narrow and elongated. (1) Dalm., Anal. Entom., 30; II, 1—6. (2) Lat., Gener. Crust, et Insect., IV, 27- (3) Lat., Ibid., 29; genus Cynips- (4) Lat., Ibid., 30. HYMENOPTERA. 109 Pteromalus, L?.4. — Cleptes, Fab. Where the thorax is short and not narrowed anteriorly(l). Cleonymus, Lat. Where it is elongated and narrowed anteriorly. The abdomen is also proportionally longer, and the antennae are inserted more infe- riorly(2). There the nervure of the superior wings, situated near the margin, is sometimes straight, and unites at the callous point. The interme- diate legs are the longest, and the inner side of their tibiae is fur- nished with a stout spine. The scutellum projects. EuPELMus, Dalm. Where the infra-costal nervure, as in the preceding Insects, is curved, and unites at the exterior margin, before the callous point. The first joint of the intermediate tarsi is large, and ciliated be- neath(3). Encyrtus, Lat. Where that nervure is straight and unites at the callous point, or rather at the branch which commences the cubital cell. The club of the antennae is compressed and truncated at the end(4). Spalangia, Lat. Distinguished from the preceding by the generally longer antennae, which are inserted close to the anterior margin of the head(5). (1) Lat., Ibid., 31. (2) Lat., Ibid., 29. (3) Dalm., Monog. of the Pteromalini. (4) Lat., Gener. Crust, et Insect., IV, 31. (5) Lat., Ibid., 29. 110 INSECTA. EuLOPHus, Geoff. Lat. — Entodon, Dalm. But from five to eight joints in the antennse; those of the males ramous(l). In the fifth tribe, that of the Oxiuri, Lat., we observe spe- cies similar to the preceding in the absence of nervures in the inferior wings, and in which the abdomen of the females is terminated by a tubular and conical ovipositor, sometimes in- ternal, exertile and protruding through the anus like a sting, and sometimes external and forming a sort of tail or terminal point. The antenna} are composed of from ten to fifteen joints, and are either filiform or somewhat largest near the end, or clavate in the females. The maxillary palpi of seve- ral are long and pendent. We reduce the various genera of which it is composed to one, the Bethylus, Lat. Fab. The habits of these Insects are probably those of the Chalcidiaej but as most of them are found on the sand or low plants, I suspect that their larvae live in the ground. Some have brachial cells or nervures in the superior wings. Their maxillary palpi are always salient. Their antenna: are filiform, or simply and gradually enlarge in both sexes. Here, they are inserted near the mouth. Dryinus, Lat. — Gonatopus, Klijg. Where the antennae are straight and consist of ^ten joints in the two sexes, the last ones somewhat thicker than the others. The thorax is divided into two knots. The anterior tarsi terminate by (1) Lat., Ibid., 28; Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., 2d edit., and Lin. Trans., XIV, p. 111. For these various subgenera, see Memoire sur les Diplolepaires, by M. Maximilian Spinola, published in the Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., as well as the excellent work of M. Dalman, on the Insects of this tribe- HYMENOPTERA. Ill two large dentated hooks, one of which is flexed. Some of the fe- males are apterous(l). Anteon, Jur. Where the antennae also consist of ten joints, at least in the males; but the thorax is continuous. All the tarsi are terminated by ordi- nary, simple, and straight hooks. The superior wings have a large cubital point(2). Bethylus, Lat. Fab. — Omalus, Jur. Where the antennae are geniculate and consist of thirteen joints in both sexes; where the head is flattened, and the pro-thorax elongated and almost triangular(3). There, the antennae, always composed of from thirteen to fifteen joints, are inserted near the middle of the anterior face of the head. Sometimes they are straight or nearly so. Proctotrupes, Lat. — Codrus, Jur. Where they consist of thirteen joints in both sexes. The mandi- bles are arcuated and dentated on the inner side; the abdomen is briefly and insensibly pediculated, terminating, in the females, in a frequently long and horny point or tail forming the ovipositor; the second ring is very large(4). Sometimes the antennae are very distinctly geniculate. Helorus, Lat. Jur. Where the antennae consist of fifteen joints. The mandibles are dentated on their inner side. The first abdominal segment forms an abrupt, long, and cylindrical pedicle(5). (1) Lat, Gen. Crust, et Insect., IV, 39; Dalm., Annal. Entom. 7. (2) Jur., Hymenop. (3) Lat., Ibid., 40. (4) Lat., Ibid., 38. (5) Lat., Ibid., 38. 112 INSECTA. Belyta, Cinetus, Jur. Where the antennas are composed of fourteen or fifteen joints; they are filiform in the males, more granose and thicker near the end in the females(l). The other Oxiuri have neither cells, nor brachial, nor basilary nervures. These have their antennae inserted on the forehead. DiAPRiA, Lat. — Psilus, Jur. No cell whatever in the wings. The maxillary palpi are salient, and the antennae have fourteen joints in the males, or twelve in the females(2). In those they are inserted near the mouth. Ceraphron, Jur. Lat. Wings furnished with a radial cell; the maxillary palpi salient; the antennae filiform in both sexes, and consisting of eleven joints; abdomen ovoido-conical(3). Sparasion, Lat. Similar to Ceraphron in the radial cell, and the projection of the maxillary palpi; but the antennae have twelve joints in both sexes, are thickest at the extremity or clavate in the females, and the abdo- men is flattened(4). Then follow two subgenera also provided with a radial cell, and in which the antennae, as in Sparasion, are thickest at the end or clavate in the females, and where the abdomen is flattened; but the palpi are very short and do not project, or are not pendent. (1) Lat, Ibid., 37. (2) Lat., Ibid., 36. (3) Lat,, Gener. Crust, et Insect., IV, 35. [For some account of an American species of this Insect, the destructor, which deposits its ova in the bodies of the larvae of the Cecidomyia destructor or Hessian-Fly, see Say, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. of Philad. vol. I, part i, p. 47, 48. Am. Ed.] (4) Lat., Ibid., 34. HYMENOPTERA. 1 13 Teleas, Lat. Where the antennse are composed of twelve joints(l). ScELiON, Lat. Where those organs consist of but ten joints(2).* In the last subgenus, or Platygaster, Lat. The radial cell disappears. The antennae of both sexes have but ten joints, of which the first and third are much elongated. The palpi are very short. The abdomen is flattened and in the form of a spatula. To this subgenus I refer the Psile de Bosc of Jurine, a singu- lar Insect in which the first rin^ of the abdomen gives origin to a solid horn which curves forwards to above the head, and which, according to the observations of an able naturalist, M. Leclerc de Laval, is the sheath of the ovipositor. This species is very small and entirely black(3). In the sixth tribe, or the Chrysides, Lat., the inferior wings, as in the three preceding tribes, are not veined ; but their ovipositor is formed by the last rings of the abdomen in the manner of the tubes of a spy-glass, and terminates in a little sting. The abdomen, which in the females appears to consist of but three or four rings, is concave or flat beneath, and can be flexed on the pectus, in which state the Insect is globular. This tribe comprises the genus Chrysis, Lin. The lustre and richness of the colours which decorate these Insects may challenge a comparison with those of the Humming-birds, and (1) Lat, Ibid., 32. (2) Lat., Ibid., 32. (3) Lat. Gener. Crust, et Insect. IV, S2. Vol. IV.— P 114 INSECTA. have entitled them to the common appellation of Golden Wasps^ or Gutpes dorces. They are seen walking about in a continued state of agitation, and with hasty motions, on walls and fences exposed to the burning ardour of the sun. They are also found on flowers. Their body is elongated and covered with a firm tegument. Their antennae are filiform, geniculate, vibratile, and composed of thirteen joints in both sexes. The mandibles are narrow, arcuated, and pointed. The maxillary palpi are filiform, usually longer than those of the labium, and composed of five unequal joints; the latter consist of three. The ligula is most frequently emarginated. The thorax is semi-cylindrical, and presents several sutures or impressed and transverse lines. The abdomen of the greater number forms a semi-oval truncated at base, and at the first glance seems suspended to the thorax by its whole width; the last ring is frequently marked by large punctures and terminates by dentations. The Chrysides deposit their ova in the nests of the solitary Mason Bees, or in those of other Hymenoptera. Their larvae devour those of the latter. In some the maxillae and labium are very long, forming a false proboscis that is bent underneath, and the very small palpi are bi- articulated. Parnopes, Lat. The P. cornea places its eggs in the nest of the Bembex rostrata, Fab.(l) The others are destitute of this false proboscis; their maxillary palpi are moderate or elongated and composed of five joints; those of the labium have three. Sometimes the thorax is not narrowed anteriorly; the abdomen is semi-oval, concave, and presents externally but three segments, as in Chrysis proper or Chrysis, Fab. Those, in which the four palpi are equal, and where the ligula is profoundly emarginate, form the genus (1) Lat. Gen. Crust, et Insect., IV, p. 47, and the Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. HYMENOPTERA. 1 15 Stilbum, Spinol. To which may be united the Euchraeus of Latreille(l). Those, in which the maxillary palpi are much longer than the labial, the ligula is emarginated, and the abdomen rounded and en- tire at the extremity, have been generically distinguished by the name of Hedychrum. Those Avhich, similar to the Hedychra in the relative proportions of the palpi, have a rounded and entire li