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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at|http: //books .google .com/I LONDON : eiLBEST AND RITINeTON, PRINTBB8, ST. John's squarx. PUBLICATIONS SURTEES SOCIETY, BSTABLISHED IN THE YEAR M.DCCC.XXXIV. VOL. LXVIII. FOE THE YEAE M.DCCC.LXXVII. j^. Qunuar-n'jojty. Bern Dtc. 19'^ /Se3. DUd Oct /6-fO. LIU3 JAMSEN, LOJ^ 1 ^ N •^ ■ ' J AM) ^ Tin ; SELECTIONS THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS LOED WILLIAM HOAVAED NAWgRTH CASTLE: mitt, u 3,j5tn!)ii, SOME OF HIS PAPERS AND LETTERS, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS, ILLUSTRATIVE OF HIS LIFE AND TIMES. ^nbUslidi for ti)t £ad(lg Br ANDREWS i CO., DURHAM ; WHITTAKER & CO., 13, AVE MAItIA T.AXl BERNARD -QUARITCH, 15, PICCADILLY! BLACKWOOD & SONS, EDINBURGH. 1878. PUBLICATIONS SURTEES SOCIETY, b ESTABLISHED IN THE YliAIt M.DCCCXXXIV. VOL. L2VIII. FOK THE YEAR M.DCCC.LXXYII. LONDON : eiLBKST AND KITINGTON, PRINTBB8, 8T. John's square. rNTKODUCTION. 1^ T npon manners and customs, mode of living, rental of land, prices of cattle, horses, and provisions of different kinds, wages of servants and labourers, and other matters more or less quaint or curious in various ways ; each of such entries being given in full. Yet it seemed desirable, nevertheieas, that more than one Book should be given in its entirety, so that the minute and carefully classified subdivisions of receipts] and expenditure might be fully exhibited. The Books thus given arc the earliest (anno 1612), and the latest perfect one, that for the year 1633; the one exhibiting the condition of the estate and the scale of household expenditure not many years after Lord William came to reside at Naworth, the other showing the marked and striking improvement which many years of careful administration had effected, and the more liberal outlay which an increased revenue admitted. One of the gaps in the series is partially and imperfectly supplied by an account for 1633, which is interesting a& con- taining the items of Lord William Howard's expenses in going and returning to imd from Spsi, a joiirn(;y taken probubly in pursuit of health. This supplementary information is gained from a Book of Accounts kept by one of Lord William's servants, which, forty years ago, was in the possession of Mr. Lawson of Longhirst in Northumberland, but is now in its original resting- place at Naworth Castle. The Book supplies also partial records of the expenditure for the years 1619, 1622 and 1627. The records for the first of these years is given in extcnso, and extracts, more or less copious, from the others. A brief analysis, indicating the sort of information which may be gathered from these Household Books, will be given hereafter. It seems appropriate, in the first place, to give a sketch of the great central figure which meets us, directly or indirectly, in almost every page, — the Lord William Howard of Nawokth Castle. It would be an easy matter to fill many pages with an account of the family of which he was no unworthy or undis- tinguished scion. But it is needless. The history of the illustrious house of Howard is written in the annals of Eug- r VIU INTRODUCTION. land. His immediate parentage is all that requires to be mentioned before entering upon the detail of his own career. Lord William Howard was the third son of Thomas, fourth Duke of Norfolk, by his second marriage with Margaret, only daughter and heir of Sir Thomas Audley of Walden. He was bom December 19th, 1563. His mother did not long survive his birth. Shortly after her death the duke contracted a third marriage, with Elizabeth, daughter of Sir James Ley bourne of Cunswick, in the county of Westmorland, and widow of Thomas, Lord Dacre, of Gilsland. This alliance had an important in- fluence upon Lord William's after life. Lord Dacre left four children, a son, Gteorge Lord Dacre, and three daughters, Anne, Mary, and Elizabeth. By their mother's second marriage these children all came imder the Duke of Norfolk's care, and by grant from the Crown he had the wardship of the young Lord Dacre. The Dacre patrimony was very large. It had been greatly enhanced in extent and value by the marriage, in 1507, of Thomas, the great Lord Dacre, who fought at Flodden, with Elizabeth, granddaughter and heir of the last Lord Greystock, and the Duke's ambitious views led him to form plans for the aggrandizement of his own children's fortunes by marriages with these youthful representatives of the ancient houses of Dacre and Greystock. His scheme was to marry his daughter Lady Margaret to the young Lord Dacre, and his eldest son. Lord Arundel, to Anne, Lord Dacre's eldest sister. Mary, the next sister, he intended for his second son,. Lord Thomas Howard ; and Elizabeth, the youngest, for his third son. Lord William. The untimely death of the young Lord Dacre, at the age of eight years, by the accidental fall of a wooden vaulting-horse,* frustrated the Duke's project as to his daughter's * Anno domini mdlxix, xrij die Maij, obiit Georgios Dacre, dominos de Gilles- land et Grajstock, pner magns spei et optims indolis, ex casa eqoi lignei saltatorii ; repenting corroit Tbetfoidiie, in com. Norf . infra etatem, torn existente in cnstodift Thorns dncis Norfolcie.: — ^x Martffrologio Novi Monasterii; an extract printed in " The Newminster Caxtnlary " (Pnb. Surteea Soc. toL 66. App. II. p. 304) from Dngdale's Monasticon (last ed.) toL t. p. 400. It is not known where the original MS. is from which Dngdak made his extracts, bnt there can be no doabt that this entry is a postscript added after the Dissdntion, and probably the book was at that time in the hands of the Dacres.^ INTRODUCTTON. IX marriage, and Mary Dacre died in early youth. But having obtained the wardship of the Ladies Anne and Elizabeth Dacre, after their brother's death, his plans, as regarded their re- spective marriages with his two sons. Lord Arundel and Lord William Howard, were eventually carried out ; and the rich inheritance of which their brother's death made them the co-heirs, passed, through that double alliance, into the Duke's family, and is enjoyed to this day by his descendants. For the early training of his sons the Duke had obtained the services of one of the most learned men whom Oxford could then furnish, Gregory Martin.* By him the foundation of Lord William's scholarship was laid, and to his inlSuence may probably be attributed that love of literature and of the society of learned men which formed, in after-years, so conspicuous a feature in his pupil's character. His influence possibly extended further than this. Gregory Martin was a Catholic, though, like many others at that time, an occasional conformist, and he is said to have lost no opportunity of "keeping the old religion alive in the hearts of many of the domestics " in the Duke^s household, with the tacit approval, as seems to have been thought by the Catholics, of the Duke himself (Cf. Dodd'a Church History^ ii. p. 121). It is scarcely likely that Martin would refrain from giving some bias in the direction of the ancient faith to the minds of his pupils. Impressions then received, on such a subject, would not easily be effaced, and * Whilst he was tutor to his sons the Duke " happened to pay a visit to the University of Oxford, and particularly to S. John's College; where one of the Society entertained him with an eloquent speech, and thought it proper to touch upon the character and merits of Mr. Martin. HaheSy says the orator, illus' trissime Dux, HehrtBwn nostrum, GrcBcum nostrum, poetam nostrum, decus et gloriam nostrum" — Dodd's Church Hist. ii. p. 121. After Martin left the Duke's family he went to Douay, where he had many friends. In the English College there he devoted himself to the study of theology, and received Holy Orders in 1573. He wrote several controversial works, but his great work was the translation of the Scriptures into English, from the Vulgate, so well known as the Rhemish Bible. He was assisted by Dr. Allen, Dr. Bristow, and others, in carrying out the work, but the real labour of the translation was borne by Martin. It was not all published at one time. The New Testament appeared first at Kheims and Antwerp, with Dr. Bristow's notes, the Old Testament not until several years after. Martin died at Rheims 28th October, 1582.— Ibid. pp. 121, 122. X INTRODUCTION. resulted in all probability in a secret attachment to the Church of Rome, though Lord William's reception into her fold did not take place until he had fully arrived at manhood. His education was carried on at Cambridge.* Lord Arundel is said to have gone there not long after his father's death, when he was about fifteen years of age, together with his two younger brothers. The difference in their ages renders it im- probable that they all went to the University at the same time* It is more likely that Lord William was sent there after his marriage, which took place when he was in his fourteenth year.. The Duke of Norfolk carried out his project as regarded hi& eldest son's marriage during his lifetime. Lord Arundel was betrothed to the Lady Anne Dacre in 1569, and was married at the latter end of 1571, about six months before his father's .execution. Lord William was then but nine years old, and incapable therefore of entering into a marriage contract. But the Duke left special orders behind him that when his son and the Lady Elizabeth Dacre had arrived at an age when each could legally give full consent, the ceremony of marriage was to take place between them. After the Duke's death, the Tjady Elizabeth was probably under her sister Lady Arundel's care, who was seven years her senior, and to her, in all likelihood, the trust had been committed of seeing that this alliance should be duly entered into. The marriage took place at Audley End,, on the 28th October, 1577, and a record of it is entered in the parish register of Saffron Walden.f * Probably at S. John's College. Long years afterwards he gave a benefaction to the Library founded there by Lord Keeper Williams, when Bishop of Lincoln, which is thus recorded in the Liber MemorialU : — " Integerrimus Gulielmus dominus Howabd baro de Naworth, filius natu secundus ThomsB Howard inclytiss. ducis Norfolcise, regisB Majestati a sanctioribus consiliis, equitis nobilissimi ordinis Garteriorum, dedit libros exoptatiss. ad centum valorem librarum, denotissimsB mentis gratissimum testimonium." His armorial bearings are also emblazoned in the Book. — Cf. Bakers Hist, 8. John*g College, ed. by Professor Mayor, pp. 339, 1107. The records of S. John's College, as far as their admissions are concerned, do not begin so early as the time when Lord William must have been at Cam- bridge, and Dr. Luard, the Registrary of the University, tells me that his name does not appear in the Matriculation Register, though this does not prove that he never was mt Cambridge, since he may have entered at College, yet never have been matriculated. He certainly never took any degree. t "Oct. 28th, 1577. Lord William Howard and Ladie Elizabeth Dakers."— Walden Marr. Reg. INTRODUCTION. XI Nothing seems to be known respecting the history of his early manhood. After the ceremony of marriage had given him the hand of the lady whom his father had designated as his bride, they separated for a time. He passed on to Cam- bridge, to resume or to prosecute his studies, whilst she, no doubt, returned to her sister's guardianship. No long time, however, elapsed before they lived together as man and wife. Their eldest son, Philip, was born on the 6th December, 1581. Mr. Howard of Corby offers a conjecture in his Memorials (App. No. XI.), that Lord William's early married life was passed at a house called Mount-pleasant,* in Enfield Chase, in the county of Middlesex, and that all their children were born there. The supposition is not an improbable one. Lord William was certainly in middle life before he made Naworth his home, or had any real enjoyment of his wife's fair inheritance. For the Lady Elizabeth and her sister had kinsmen who ill brooked the acquisition of the broad lands and stately castles of the Dacre by the husbands to whom they had been married whilst husband and wife were alike children. The untimely death of their young brother had not caused the extinction of the male line. Thomas Lord Dacre, their father, had three brothers, Leonard, Edward, and Francis. On his nephew's death, Leonard, the eldest of the three, assumed the title of Lord Dacre and claimed the inheritance as heir in tail-male ; for he ^' stomached it much,'' says Camden, " that so goodly an inheritance descended by law to his nieces." The Duk6 of Norfolk instituted proceedings in Chancery to establish the rights of his wards. When Dacre perceived that the law was likely to be unfavourable to his claim, he became a participator in the treasonable schemes of the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland which resulted in the Northern Rebellion of 1569. Their objects were to rescue Mary Queen of Scots from the custody of the Earl of Shrewsbury, to subvert the government of Elizabeth, and to re-establish the ancient faith. When the two Earls were actually in arms, they were pro- claimed as traitors. ^*Dacres with the crooked back," as * It was used as an occasional residence until Lord William sold it in 1629 (p. 256). Xll INTRODUCTION. Leonard was often called, went up to London. His manners were insinuating, and he contrived to persuade Elizabeth to entrust to him a share in the work of suppressing the rebellion* But he was acting with great duplicity, for he was meanwhile secretly encouraging the two Earls by promises of foreign aid. On his return to the North he seized upon his niece's estates, fortified the castle of Naworth, and gathered together about 3000 men under the pretence of defending his own rights * and resist- « ing the rebels. The Queen soon became acquainted with the double game which he was playing, and she sent down orders to % apprehend " that cankred suttill traitor, Leonard Dacres,'' f M 'i her Majesty calls him in a subsequent letter to Lord Hunsdon. || Hunsdon encountered him at Gelts Bridge, about four miles ^ from Naworth. Dacre^s followers fought with singular reso- lution and bravery. " Hys footmen," says Hunsdon, "gave the prowdest charge upon my shott that ever I saw.'^ } But it was all in vain. Dacre was worsted, fled into Scotland, and finally took refuge in Flanders, where he died in 1573. His brother Edward was likewise deeply implicated in the rebellion, and they were both attainted. Edward Dacre found an asylum in Flanders also, and died in that country before 1584. Several years elapsed after Leonard Dacre thus left England as an unwilling exile, during which no adverse claim was made ; and Lord Arundel and Lord William Howard entered upon the enjoyment of the inheritance which their marriages had given them. But a long and harassing period of litigation was in store for them. The death of Edward Dacre left his younger brother Francis the sole male representative of Wil- liam Lord Dacre, the grandfather of Lady Arundel and Lady Elizabeth Howard, and he entered upon the estates and claimed * Maluit hello cum principe, says Camden, qudm judicio cum neptibu* de hcBreditatibus confiictari. t The Queen writes to the Earl of Sussex, 13th Jan. [1569], " We perceive^ amongst other tbyngs, some of the principal rebells in Scotland make account of Leonard Dakers to be one of tber confederacy or league;" and tberefore she desires he may be taken into custody. — Rough Draft, S.P. And, for leaving the North without doing so, the Queen expresses her dissatisfaction. — Cf. Sir C. Sharp's Memorials of the Rehellion of 1569, p. 166, n, X See his letter to Cecil, which gives a graphic accoont of the engagement. It is given in Sir C. Sharp's Memorials, <^c,, p. 219. ii INTRODUCTION. XUl them as his own ; grounding his claim upon a settlement which he alleged to have been made by his father, William Lord Dacre, by which the property was entailed upon the male heirs. The history of the protracted litigation which was the result of Francis Dacre's claim is recorded at great length in a very characteristic document drawn up by Lord William Howard, which is given in the Appendix (No. L, p. 365). It appears to have been written with a view to publication, for he mentions that the reasons which induced him to compile this Narrative were to satisfie the world for the validity of their '* (the co-heirs^) righte, as also to instruct them that shall succeede what to insist chiefly uppon, yf hereafter any objection shall be made." It was never printed, but more than one copy was made for the benefit of his descendants. There are two transcripts at Castle Howard, one in a decayed and fragmentary state, the other in good preservation, and a copy existed at Greystock Castle when Mr. Henry Howard wrote his Memorials. As an undoubted specimen of Lord William's composition it appeared worthy of a place in the pages which follow. He had evidently made himself master of all the legal bearings of the questions which came before one tribunal after another respecting the rights of his wife and her sister ; and the vigorous language in which he gives expression to his indignant feelings with respect to the base part which had been played by two of the Lowther family, -with reference to the matters in question, is not a little charac- teristic. As an expression of his abhorrence of all that is unworthy and ignoble it is characteristic of the man, and it is characteristic also of the time. An opponent then met with scant courtesy. If a Coke were examining a witness on the contrary side to that for which he had received his brief, he scrupled not to use language which would now be considered a degradation. In a later generation even a Milton, when he entered the lists of controversy, indulged in vituperative expres- sions, polished scholar though he were, which no one now would venture to employ. Lord William's epithets were certainly not choice. " Sons of Belial,'* " cursed crue," " serpents and viperous beastes,'' are amongst the flowers XIV INTRODUCTION. of rhetoric which he uses with reference to "those lewde Lowthers.*' Containing as this Narrative does, a record of the troublee^ which embittered many years of his earlier life, it cannot be out of place to give an epitome of what occurred during that period^ until the litigation was finally ended, and he took up his abode in that ancient Border fortress with which his name has become so inseparably associated. In 1584 Francis Dacre commenced proceedings, To vindicate his supposed rights he entered upon the property, and endea* j voured to obtain recognition by the tenants as its legitimate* ! possessor. Lord Arundel and Lord William Howard defended 8 their rights and kept possession of the lands and houses. The , whole title was gone into on the occasion of a vacancy occurring ; in the Rectory of Greystock, the patronage of which was claimed by Francis Dacre. A caveat having been entered by Lord Arundel, a commission de Jure patronatus was issued* The verdict was given in favour of Lord Arundel and his wife, and Francis Dacre was beaten. In the year following Lord Arundel and Lord William Howard were committed to the Tower, ostensibly on account of their religion, and to frustrate a plan which the former had nearly carried out of retiring into some foreign country* Francis Dacre continued to prosecute his claim, and the broad lands of the Dacre and the Greystock were sequestered at his suit. In 1586 the cause was ordered by the Queen to be heard before Bromley, then Lord Chancellor, and Lord William was released from the Tower, by an Order in Chancery, that his evidence might be taken. The judgment of the Court, in which several of the Judges sat as assessors, was imanimous in favour of the title of the co-heirs. Dacre had influence enough to pro- cure another hearing not long afterwards, and contrived that some of the Judges should be changed, but when the day of hearing came, a letter was produced from Secretary Davison, in the name of the Queen, countermanding it altogether. Not long after this, in the same year (1586), a trial came oa at Newcastle in which the whole title was again gone into. An action had been brought by a lessor of Lord Arundel, Lord INTRODUCl'ION. XV William Howard, and their wives, against a person of the name of Turner, who persisted in keeping possession of the demesnes of the Manor of Ulgham as a tenant of Francis Dacre. The ver- dict was in favour of the plaintiff. Owing to a technical error no judgment was given, and it was eventually referred to arbitration, and a deed of entail produced whereby it appeared that (not- withstanding the alleged entail of William Lord Dacre to heirs male) a remitter of both estates tail was in George Lord Dacre, and the inheritance of Greystock fully vested in the co-heirs. Francis Dacre then set to work to get the tenants in the North to espouse his cause. The old feudal feeling of attach- ment to the name of Dacre operated strongly in his favour. He bore that ancient name. They knew him to be the male representative of the gallant chieftains under whose banner they and their fathers had fought and bled in many a wild Border fray, and if even a faint and distant echo of the old war-cry of the Dacre were heard, it still stirred their hearts like the blast of a trumpet summoning them to the battle. But the husbands of the co-heirs were determined to make good the claim of their wives. Forcible entries were made by Lord Arundel and Lord William Howard on the houses of the disaffected tenants, and appeals and counter-appeals were made on both sides to the Court at York. Conflicting decisions were given from time to time on various points which came before that tribunal, many of them being adverse to Dacre's cause. Alarmed by this, Dacre obtained an order from the Privy Council to stay proceedings at York, although he and the refractory tenants were glad enough to resort to that Court whensoever a decision had been given upon any point which appeared favourable to their side. Letters in the Queen's name were likewise often procured for the same purpose. This went on for a long time. At last, Lord Arundel and Lord William, under the advice of their lawyers, took the course of bringing actions against the tenants who espoused Francis Dacre's cause. The nimiber of actions thus brought amounted to 140. Dacre, not a little dis- turbed at the prospect of the expense in which these proceedings were likely to involve him, sought the advice of the Earl of XVI INTRODUCTION. Cumberland. Acting upon the EarFs suggestion, he applied to the Privy Council, complaining bitterly of the oppression to which he was subjected by such a multitude of actions, and praying that Lord William Howard might be committed to prison. Lord William was summoned to appear before the Council. He obeyed the summons, and stated his reasons for the course adopted. A suggestion was made by the Council that the question of title should be tried in two or three actions, the result of which was to decide all the others. A ready assent was given to this by Lord William, but Dacre absolutely refused to agree to it. So the matter was dismissed by the Privy Council, and both parties left to obtain such redress as the common-law might afiFord them. The actions against the refractory tenants went on. But a new and unexpected claim was made. Mr. Gerard Lowther the elder, the object of Lord William's bitterest wrath and indigna- tion, how appeared upon the stage, and set up a title for the Queen to the Baronies of Brough and Gilsland, that portion of the Dacre property which came to the family by the marriage with Margaret de Multon. The claim was admitted at Carlisle,* being unopposed, for Lord Arundel was then (1589) under arraignment, and Lord WiUiam purposely thrown into prison. But as soon as the Queen's title to the Baronies was admitted, the latter was set at liberty. The Queen's claim must have caused the most bitter chagrin to Francis Dacre. The various suits in which he was engaged had involved him in no trifling cost, yet he could not venture upon disputing the matter with her Majesty. He found also * Henry, Lord Scrope, and the Bishop of Carlisle, appear to have been the Commissioners. They write as follows to Secretary Walsingham, on March 28, 1589 : — " We have effected the several Commissions for finding her Majesty's estate in the antient Dacre lands, by attainder of Leonard Dacre, in Cumberland and Westmorland, and found her entitled to all the lauds whereof they were pee- sessed before Hen. VIIL, omitting the Greystock's lands, and lands purchaaed since that time. For particulars we refer to the report of Mr. Hesketh and Mr. Lowther. As for any further course for establishing her possession in tbo lands we wait direction. Her Highness hath been diligently served in these shires by the actors in this business. Mr. Hesketh hath shewed himself very learned, and Richard Lowther and Qerard Lowther have carefully performedkll good offices requisite."— S. P. Dom. Eliz. xxxi. 11. INTRODUCTION. XIX ceeded in establishing his claim to the great estates which they claimed in right of their wives, and if, under colour of law, she could herself become the possessor, the same end would be achieved ; but with one important difference, namely, the en- richment of the Queen's coffers, a result to which her Majesty would be in no wise indifferent. Lord William significantly hints that Francis Dacre, when he commenced his proceedings, was '' fedd on, noe doubte, by noe meane persons, and by them putt in hope of better successe than euer was intended to him." The natural in- ference is that Dacre was a tool in the hands of some one, probably the Earl of Leicester, who was a bitter enemy of the Howards, ostensibly on the score of their religion ; for it was his rok to profess the most extreme attachment to the Pro- testant cause. That Leicester was concerned with Gerard Lowther in prosecuting the Queen's claim is subsequently stated without any reserve by Lord William (App. p. 379), and this receives confirmation from a petition of Richard and Gerard Lowther for the grant of a lease of parts of the Dacre property "in consideration of performance of the Earl of Leicester his promise " * (S.P. Dom. Eliz. clxvi. 130). Leicester probably had a double end in view, in the first place to bring about that which he knew would not l^e unacceptable to the Queen, and in the second, to further his own interests, for it is quite possible that he might indulge the hope of receiving a grant of some great manor or lordship as his share of the spoil. Leicester's schemes, whatever they might be, were cut short, however, by his death, which took place in 1588. Elizabeth, as we have seen, at last yielded, and the Lady Arundel and Lord William Howard and his wife were recognized as the * They wanted "a lease of the lands in Westmorland, with the fishing of Beamond, Bocliffe, Carcandars [? Kirk-Andretvsi], with the mills of Borowghe and Bocliffe now founde payinge the rent, and the office of Becyvershipp and Stewerd- shipp of all the landes and courtes founde in these offices, with the fee of xx^i/* They do not seem to hare obtained the lease for which they petitioned, but on the 17th July, 1597, a grant was made to Gerard Lowther, Juni^., of the office of steward and keeper of the courts of Dacres' lands, co* Northumb., Cumb., and York; fee 20Z.— S. P. Dom. Bliz. cclxiv. 29. We may fairly presume that Mr* Gerard Lowther would not long retain his office after Lord William regained poMOMion of " Dacres' lands." a 2 XVIU INTRODUCTION. to contend further for its possession, and he doubtless felt that if he could obtain a grant of land, however inferior in extent and value, it would be infinitely preferable to a precarious pension. Whether any response was given to this petition we know not, but everything was at last finally settled, by the Queen > consenting to waive her claim on payment of a large sum of ': money by Lord William and the Lady EKzabeth his wife, and p her widowed sister, the Lady Arundel. What this sum -i amounted to we are not told in Lord William's Narrative, n He merely says that " they were forced to buy their owne, and ?i redeem their possessions as mere straingers at a very dear rate/' ji (p. 373). Lady Arundel is said to have paid "well nigh I 10,000 pound'' (Lives of Philip Howard, Earl of Arundelyand of \ Anne Dacres, his wife : ed. by the late Duke of Norfolk, E.M. pb | 195), and the demand made upon Lord William and her sister }\ was probably not much less. The Queen^s consent to forego ^ her claim seems to have been due to Sir Edward Coke, who, as ] Lord William tells us, " assured her that she had no right to ' those lands, and therefore advised her to part with them to the ■) co-heires '' ( App. p. 380, w.). On the 19th Dec, 1601, this wa» \ carried out by Letters Patent of that date, in the names of =. Edward Carrill and others, whereby the Queen regranted all j the lands of which she had formerly been adjudged to be tho \ possessor. , What part Elizabeth actually took as regarded the attempts j to wrest their property from the co-heirs and their husbands^ it , is now, perhaps, impossible to discover. But it is more than , probable that she regarded with no disfavour the claim set up j at the outset by Francis Dacre, still less was she likely to \ interpose any bar to proceedings which might result in her own acquisition of the great possessions which were the subject of J the litigation. She had no kindly feeling towards the Howards. ^ She knew that she had deeply injured them — Humanum est odi9$$ ^ qtiem l(Bseris—Bhe knew that it was impossible for them to forget *l that she had consigned their father to the scaffold, and dons J her best to break the future power of his descendants. Thai i power would be still further weakened if Francis Dacre sno- "" INTRODUCTION. XIX ceeded in establishing his claim to the great estates which they claimed in right of their wives, and if, under colour of law, she could herself become the possessor, the same end would be achieved ; but with one important difference, namely, the en- richment of the Queen's coffers, a result to which her Majesty would be in no wise indifferent. Lord William significantly hints that Francis Dacre, when he commenced his proceedings, was '' fedd on, noe doubte, by noe meane persons, and by them putt in hope of better successe than euer was intended to him." The natural in- ference is that Dacre was a tool in the hands of some one, probably the Earl of Leicester, who was a bitter enemy of the Howards, ostensibly on the score of their religion ; for it was his rok to profess the most extreme attachment to the Pro- testant cause. That Leicester was concerned with Gerard Lowther in prosecuting the Queen's claim is subsequently stated without any reserve by Lord William (App. p. 379), and this receives confirmation from a petition of Richard and Gerard Lowther for the grant of a lease of parts of the Dacre property "in consideration of performance of the Earl of Leicester his promise " * (S.P. Dom. Eliz. clxvi. 130). Leicester probably had a double end in view, in the first place to bring about that which he knew would not \\e unacceptable to the Queen, and in the second, to further his own interests, for it is quite possible that he might indulge the hope of receiving a grant of some great manor or lordship as his share of the spoil. Leicester's schemes, whatever they might be, were cut short, however, by his death, which took place in 1588. Elizabeth, as we have seen, at last yielded, and the Lady Arundel and Lord William Howard and his wife were recognized as the * They wanted "a lease of the lands in Westmorland, with the fishing of Beamond, Rocliffe, Carcandars [? Kirk'AndretDf\, with the mills of Borowghe and Bocli0e now founde payinge the rent, and the office of Becyvershipp and Stewerd« shipp of all the landes and courtes fonnde in these offices, with the fee of xxK" They do not seem to hare obtained the lease for which they petitioned, but on the 17tb Jaly, 1597, a grant was made to Gerard Lowther, Juuf., of the office of steward and keeper of the courts of Dacres' lands, co* Northumb., Cumb., and York; fee 20Z.— S. P. Dom. Bliz. cclxiv. 29. We may fairly presume that Mr, Gerard Lowther would not long retain his office after Lord William regained possession of " Dacres' lands." a 2 XX INTRODUCTION. owners of the broad lands of the Dacre and the Greystock* From the year 1601, therefore, we may date the absolute pes* session by Lord William Howard of Naworth Castle and tha great estates which had been allotted to the younger sister, (m l the partition which had heretofore taken place between herself i;, and Lady Arundel. |. A word may be said here concerning Francis Dacre*s ultimata Ir fate. After the Queen's claim to the Dacre possessions hfii _ been admitted, he addressed a long letter to her Majesty, datei I Sept. 17, 1589, full of bitter complaints, telling her that hii ^ own means were utterly exhausted, that he was burdened witk t a load of debt, and that he must seek a maintenance in another T country, taking his son with him, and that as to his daughten he must ^^ commit them to God, and such friends as it shall please Him to provide for them." He then seems to have into Scotland, and to have devoted himself to the service of King of Scots. His leaving England without the Queen'i permission led to his attainder. In 1594 he was a pensioni of the King of Spain, receiving a monthly allowance of 8it| crowns. His son, who was at Douay, had 40 crowns a montik' from the same source (Examination of Robert Barrow y &c. Marbk' 21, 1594).— S. P. Dom. Eliz. ccxlviii. 41. In 1598 his four^; daughters were each in the receipt of a pension from the Crowm.; of 50/, a year (see ant^^ p. xvii, w.). On James' accession to tliil| throne of England, Francis Dacre accompanied him. He loat ^ no time in making his suit to the King to have the whole estata : of his ancestors given to him. James offered him as muoh of the Dacre property as was then vested in the Crown, being-:* that portion, no doubt, which escheated on Leonard Dacre^a ' attainder. But this offer was refused. His Majesty next ^ offered him a pension of 600/. a year, but that was likewiaa) rejected, unless it were accompanied by the reversal, not on]^ of his own attainder, but also that of his brothers, Leonard Edward ; so that nothing might operate as a bar to the he still conceived himself to have to the whole of the pro under the alleged entail of William Lord Dacre, in the 4th 6th Phil, and Mary. In 1607, however, he yielded, and coaltfl sented to forego all claims whatever to the lands of his ancestors ^ J INTRODUCTION. XXI On the 10th Oct. in that year he executed a release to Ann^ Countess of Arundel, Lord William Howard, and the Lady Elizabeth his wife, of all his title to all Dacre lands in Cumber- land, Westmorland, Durham, Yorkshire, Shropshire, and else- where.* Two years afterwards we find a pension granted to him by the Crown of 200/. a year, together with an annual payment of 100/. to Alice his wife, and an annuity of 50/. to Randal his son. — [Warrant Booky II. p. 111.] Dom. James I. xliii. 72. This pension probably constituted Francis Dacre's chief means of subsistence during the remainder of his life. He died in 1632. Randal Dacre also released to Lord William Howard, in 1633, and levied a fine (p. 302). We find him in the receipt of an annuity of 50/. from Lord William (p. 301). He died in London in 1634, leaving no issue, and was brought to Grey- stock for interment at the expense of Thomas, Lord Arundel and Surrey. There is an entry to this efiect in the Parish Register of Greystock. — Cf . Nicholson and Burn's Hist. Cumb, ii. p. 351. Randal's sisters, Elizabeth, Frances, and Ann, were receiving their annual pensions of 50/. each in 1607. The Warrant is dated Aug. 15th, in that year. — [ Warrant Book, II. p. 37.] Dom. James I. xxviii. 32. The year in which Lord William actually made Naworth Castle his residence cannot be fixed with absolute precision. But in 1604 we find him taking a note of the heraldic bearings, and the inscriptions around them, which then adorned an armorial window in the ancient fortress of the Dacres at Kirk- oswald, and he was possibly even then making arrangements for the transference of its stained glass to Naworth Castle, f * The original Deed is in the Muniment Room at Castle Howard. No money consideration is mentioned in the Deed. f We may almost infer that he had already taken up his residence in the North from the fact that in this year, 1604, he gave a silver mace to the Corporation of Morpeth bearing the following inscription, with a cross- crosslet fitche prefixed :— **Donum dni Will. Howard: dni: de : Morpeth: filij : ducis : Norf: fratris: avunculi: nepotis: et: cognati: comitum: Arundell: Surrey: Suff: Northampt : et Netting: et : dnffl Eliz: uxoris: eius: sororis : et : cohseredis: Georgij : dni Dacre : de : Gilsland : et Oreistock : A9. dni : 1604 : Volo : non : valeo : W. H." Various shields of arms are engraven on the mace, viz. the Royal Arms as borne by James I., and the bearings of Howard, Brotherton, Mowbray, Warren, Dacre, Greystock, &c. XXll INTRODUCriON. Here, at all events, he was certainly living in 1607. His lifelong friend Mr. Nicholas Roscarrock writes a letter to Camden from "Nawarde," dated Aug. 7th in that year, and the great historian, in the edition of his Britannia^ which was published in the same year, mentions it as Lord William's abode, and says that he was then engaged in its reparation. From that time until his death it was his chief residence, and the place around which there has been such an outgrowth of traditions respecting him. These traditions present him to our view in a picturesque and romantic aspect, and additional vitality has been given to them by the graphic portrait which Sir Walter Scott has drawn in his Lay of the Last Mimtrel, of the outward garb and the gallant bearing of the Lord William Howard as Lord Warden of the Marches, though for the purposes of his story the poet antedated his existence and assigned to him an office which in reality he never filled. " Costly bis garb ; his Flemish ruff Fell o*er his doublet shaped of buff. With satin slashed and lined ; Tawny his boot and gold his spur. His cloak was all of Poland fur, His hose with silver twined j His liilboa blade, by March*men felt) Hung in a broad and studded belt : Hence in rude phrase, the Borderers still Call Noble Howard, Belted WiU.*'—C. v. 16. It is somewhat uncertain when the soubriquet of '^Belted Will *' became attached to him. A broad leathern belt, studded with a series of letters in metal, arranged so as to form a yerse in German, used to be shown at Naworth as having belonged to him. Hence probably originated the name, to which Sir Walter's stanza gave wide-spread currency. Mr. Henry Howard' tells us in his Memorials, that the epithet which in former days, was most commonly given to him was Bauld (or bold) Willie, and that the Lady Elizabeth his wife was distinguished by the homely appellation of Bessie with the braid (broad) apron, in allusion, not to the width of that particular article of female attire, but to the breadth and extent of the possessions whick HH^^^^ INTROUUCTION. XXUl «he brougit to her husband. By the name of Belled Will, however, in whatever way it originated, he is now popularly known, and by the title of Lord Warden he is etill traditionally ^l^^ated. Tradition tells us also, and the statement finds a |aee even in the sober pages of the historian, that he raain- bined a garrison of 1-10 men at Naworth; whilst stories, based upon the rough and ready chastisement which he is supposed lo have meted out to the banditti who infested that wild I country, still meet with unhesitating acceptance and undoubting belief. What dweller on the Border refuses, for example, to give credence to that grim tale of the summary punishment dealt out to sorae unluuky wight, by reason of a peevish word from the lipa of the Lord Warden being only too literally in- terpreted ? " Hang him ! " was the hasty ejaculation of Belted Will, when disturbed, in the library which still bears his name, by the tidings that a thief had been caught in some act of plunder or spoliation, and by the natural inquiry, how it might please my Lord to deal with him. The man-at-arma, who brought the intelligence and heard the response, retired, per- fectly satisfied that he had received a precise and definite order ; and when, after some brief interval of time, my Lord descended from his Tower, he found the unhappy malefactor suspended either from some extemporised gallows in the court-yard, or from a bough of some neighbouring tree. It was a case of what was known on the Scotch border as Jeddart (or Jedburgh) Jwitice, — i. e. hanging ihe culprit first, and trying him after- wards. It is a somewhat ungrateful task to throw the light of historical evidence upon wild and picturesque legends which, in successive generations, have charmed the ear of eager child- hood, when told by some hoary grandsire or some ancient grand-dame, to a listening group around the winter hearth. But legends these really are, so far, at least, as Lord William is concerned. The popular idea which prevails concerning him, even amongst educated people, is as purely imaginary as Sir Walter Scott's portraiture of his outward man. He never was Lord Warden. Such an appointment, with Elizabeth's feelings towards the Howards, could not have taken place XXIV INTRODUCTION. whilst slie occupied the throne, and after the accession of James I., George, the third Earl of Cumberland, was selected to succeed Thomas Lord Scrope, and was the last who filled that high office. He died in 1605, and the government of the Middle Shires (as James preferred to call the Borders) appears to have been subsequently vested in Commissioners, who w'ere partly Scotch and partly English, appointed by the Crown. The first Commission in which Lord William Howard's name appears,* is in the year 1618 (Rymer's Fcedera, xvii. p. 53). Previously to the issuing of this commission Lord William Howard possessed, apparently, no office which gave him any peculiar authority. As Lord of the Barony of Gilsland, indeed, he had the control, to a certain extent, of that district, the appointment of the Land-serjeant of Gilsland being vested in him. That officer, with a few men under him, was bound to reside at Askerton Castle, a small Border fortress belonging to the Lords of Gilsland. But there is no evidence whatever of a garrison being maintained at Naworth. The tradition to that effect receives indeed an apparent corroboration from the great preponderance of male over female domestics, as given in the lists of servants, contained in the Jfaworth Household Books. But it must be remembered that the number of male servants maintained by the higher nobility of the f)eriod was very large, and that men were then employed to discharge many duties in a house which now devolve almost exclusively upon women. At Naworth Castle the cooks were men, with " kitchen boys," or scullions, under them. The " chamberlains " would discharge all the functions in the apartments which are now delegated to housemaids. It is so« at the present day, to a great extent, in the hotels of France, Italy, Spain, great part of Switzerland, Germany, and Belgiimi. The garfon makes the bed, lights the fire, and scrubs the floor ; the employment of women for such tasks being comparatively rare. Then there would be the house-steward, the butler, the under-butler, the gentleman- usher, the pages, the footmen, probably eight or ten in number, the coachman, and the grooms and helpers in the stables, the * For the Rc^port made in answer to this Conimisdoo see Appendiv (No. XIX.), p. 436. INTKODDCnoS. baker and the brewer with their assistants, the gardem lie under- gardeners, the butcher, or " slaughter- man," as sometimes called, who also, of course, had assistants, together ritii other individuals who acted in various subordinate capa- cities. The number of male domestics might easily, therefore, amount to the number we find in the Household Books,* without having occasion to resort to the supposition that any of them were armed retainers, or that they constituted a garrison in any proper sense of the word. There are no entries, more- over, indicating the purchase of ammunition or weapons outlay of that description would surely have been recorded during the series of years over which the Household Books extend] if a, body of men had been maintained within the walls of Naworth for purposes of Border defence or warfare. Equally improbable is the tradition which portrays Lord William as promoting or maintaining order in the country by means of the sharp and summary procedure of martial law. There is not a trace of his having acted at any time in such a manner. That he was active and energetio in bringing maniuders to justice there Ciin be no question, but it was justice administered by the law of the land. The very list, drawn up by his own hand, of those offenders who expiated their offences by death, during many years of his residence at Naworth, goes to prove this. In many cases the place of their execution is noted ; some suffered at Durham, some at Newcastle, not a few at Carlisle, and others in Scotland, showing that they were brought to trial at the Assizes in the ordinary way. Incidental entries in the Household Books confirm this ; as, for example, the prosecution of Vasey, at Durham (p. 52), and the apprehension of Kinion Storie (p. 248), both of whom were afterwards executed, the one at Durham, the other at Carlisle. Besides this, reference may be made to the representations * The bishopric of Carlisle was not a rich one, jct we find that Uialiop White's lionsehoU, in 1627, was not very mnch inferior in point of number to that mnin. tained at Naworth. The name and oftice of every servant nt Rose Castle is ncorded at the end of Ms rental -booli, which concludes thus ; — "Tlic coustant Lousbuld, besidus workfolL and stmngeis, about 35 Or 3G; amongst whom are a Keutlemati usiicr, a steward, a ehnnibcrlain, and the hishop's solicitor." — Ct. Sidiolsyn and Bum's Hist. Cumh. ii, p. 316. XXVI INTRODUCTION. which he addressed to James I. and his Council respecting the state of things on the Border. At the time he made these representations (a.d. 1615,) things were evidently in a very unsettled state. A wholesale ^* transplantation " (as it was called) into Ireland of the clan of the Greames had been carried out by the King^s order, soon after his accession, the expense of which was met by a rate levied upon the landowners of Cum- berland and Westmorland * But the offenders thus banished soon found their way back again, and resumed their old lawless life, to the great disquietude of all the peaceable inhabitants. Questions were addressed by the King in Council to the Earl of Cumberland, Lord Walden, and Lord William Howard, on the subject of the disorder which prevailed, asking how it came to pass that the maintenance of an expensive garrison seemed powerless for its repression (App., p. 416). A conjoint reply was given, briefly recommending more frequent gaol deliveries, and less readiness in admitting prisoners to bail (p. 417). Lord William transmitted some further memoranda of his own, enter- ing more fully into the matter, suggesting greater activity on the part of the commander of the garrison, less laxity on the part of the Judges in the administration of justice, *^ either out of pitie, or humour of popularitie," and repeating the sugges- tion as to the refusal of bail in the great majority of cases. He also intimated pretty plainly that the garrison, maintained at his Majesty's expense, did not do its duty, and was not worth the money which it cost, and offers other minor suggestions, for the suppression of many of the *^ ostler-houses," so liable to become the haunt of thieves, the prohibition of the sale of beef or mutton without the hide or skin, and making it punishable to purchase either horse, sheep, or cattle, except in an open market (pp. 417—421). The duty of the soldiers maintained in the garrison at Car- lisle appears at this time to have consisted in acting as a sort of police, to hunt out the cattle-stealers and other offenders, after due intimation had been given of any loss or spoil, and to bring * The asseesment amounted to 40SL 19s. The *' transplantation" cost 388/. 17s. lid. Lord William Howard was rated at 52. for the Barony of Gilsland. — Cf. Nicholson and Bum's Hist. Cumb. and West. i. p. cxvii. INTRODDCTION, XXVll them before sorae Justice of Peace, whose buBiness of course it was, if a case were made out, to commit them for trial. Notice, it was suggested by Lord William, should be given "within 12 houres after the goods bo stolen," and blood-hounda were to "be kept and trained" to track the offenders (p. 418). He afterwards expresses an opinion that the "transplantation " of offenders was not an unmixed benefit, carried out as it hud been in a manner inconsistent with equity in many cases, and involving, as it did, a large outlay of public money (p. 240). The energy and ability displayed by Lord William led, as we may fali-Iy presume, to bis being placed at the bead of the Commission which, as has already been mentioned, was issued by the King in 1617-18, and the exact particularity which characterizes tbe list which ho sent in of the various bad characters who then infested tlie Border country, abundantly proves the minuteness with which he inquired into every detail respecting known offenders or auspicious cbaructera, and the strict surveillance which he exercised over a large tract of country (pp. 43ti — 447). But his efforts to bring tbc Border land into something like rule and order were greatly thwarted by the culpable weakness of some of the neighbouring magistrates, and notubly, as it would seem. Sir William Hutton. Tbe truth is that they were afraid to act with tbe promptness and decision which were needful. The days were not so far distant wlien tbe avenging of injuries was counted as a virtue,* and the seizure and im- • The following letter from Mr. Oswald Djkee, the Kector of Weosley, in York- ehire, to Sir Robert Cotlott, written but n short time before Lord William came to live at Nanorth, showe liow common tbese acta of retaliation maet have been. They eeem to have been accepted almost as matters of course. No peculiar horror is espreased at Mr. Aglioabj being " nm through with a spear," and dying ghortly after. — " Salbtem IK X'". Sir, 1 returned home through Bowes from CKrlile, and if I cold either for mooy or gould have liad the stone, that shold have bene hrooght jow to Newcastle nr yow removed from thence, and I wrott to yow a letter that 1 directed to meet yow at Durham to this effect. That one Cootes was in SuttoQ with hia wivo'a soune about poasession of the said howse and tenement, aed that nothing cold then be doue untlll Yorkc law had determined that matter. Coots was not at home when I was ther, but hia lonne in law kept a blosfring about. The dayes will waxe long, and 1 will ride to Bowes ahortly, and see what can 1)0 dory!. Yf I get there, as I hoopa I shall, yt is beat to have yt conveyed to Kewciisttll. y<jnd me the namu of tbc murelinnt your acq.[aiDtanco] with whom r XXViii INTRODUCTION. prisonment of a marauder would be visited by his kinsmen, or the clan to which he belonged, upon the person or the property of those who were concerned, directly or indirectly, in bringing him to justice. Sometimes, perhaps, there was actual complicity with the offender, and the evidence brought against him was set aside as insufficient, or bail was given in cases where it ought to have been absolutely refused. The difficulties thus interposed were so great that Lord William made it a subject of complaint in the highest quarter, and petitioned for a peremp- tory order being given for the apprehension of certain offenders. Three of these belonged to Northumberland, and were to be apprehended by Sir John Fenwick, and three to Cumberland, whom Sir William Hutton was to *^be streightly charged to apprehend,^' and Lord William undertakes to prosecute the whole of them at the next Assizes (p. 447). An order was made accordingly by the King in Council, and sent down to Lord William for transmission to Sir William Hutton, as we learn from the knight^s own letter in reply to the Privy Coun- cil. In this he graphically describes his great alarm at the sudden appearance of Mr. Charles Howard and his brother Mr. Thomas making their way unannounced into the parlour where he was sitting at dinner. There they stood in silence, " with starne countenances," but inwardly amused, no doubt, at Sir William's extraordinary perturbation and alarm. Not a yow wold take order (as you said) for the eariage therof emongst cooles to your howse besides Stilton. My soden departure from yow was for this cause. I was one with Mr. Egglanbe that had taken up the poole betwene Wedowe Kyrkebrid and my cosyn Warwicke that had slaine her husband. I feared some rough dealing by the Kirkebrides at that tyme, which maid me hast away with sped, sence which tyme Mr. Egglanbe and his brother ar both slaine in that quarrell. He was runne through with a spear one evening as he returned home from Corby, and died on Chrlstenmasse day. Commend me right heartily to good Mr. W°^. Camden, and tell him from me that I will be redye to doe any thing I can for either of yow both. I lament that I was chargeable to yow whose company was so sweet and pleasant to me. And be yow well assured yf ever I can pleasure yow or him, yow shall command me, as knoweth Jesus, who have yow ever in his Divine protection. Farewell. From Wenslay this 9 of Januarie, 1599. Yo^^. assured frend in Christ, Oswald Dykes." [Cotton MSS. Julius c. III. f. 162.] Mr. Oswald Dykes was brother of Mr. Dykes of Wardale, or Warthole (see p. 87, n.). He is described by Camden as " a very learned man," from whom he had received copies of several Roman inscriptions. — See Britannia (Gibson's edition), p. 830. INTRODUCTION. XXIX word was uttered until the knight became sufficiently composed to ask their business, and he then received as a reply the ** letter from his Majestic and the Lords of the Counsell," which Mr. Charles " drew furth of his pockett," and handed to him. Sir William Hutton of course makes out the best case he can for himself and his domestic servant, Taylor, who was one of the accused persons, but is obliged to acknowledge that he had admitted him to bail. But Lord William did not let the matter rest. He again memorialized the Privy Council, urging in yet stronger terms that Sir William Hutton may be ordered to commit Taylor for trial, and he takes occasion to suggest that his Majesty should be sparing in his exercise of the royal prerogative of granting pardon to these Border thieves, and that if the Judges would only deal severely with them at the Assizes, "night watches wilbe needlesse, and a garrison in those partes will never more be spoken or thought of" (pp. 450-1). Sir William Hutton's letter, and this memorial of Lord William Howard, were referred to the Judges, who were then on the northern circuit, and their decision was that it was not a case in which bail should have been taken. There was clearly no good feeling between Lord William and Sir William Hutton. The latter had given the greatest possible oflPence to Lord William, by an imfounded accusation against the Lady Elizabeth his wife. The charge was that she had promoted the escape of a prisoner from Naworth Castle — one Thomas Routledge, who had been brought there on a charge of having been privy to a murder. The matter was brought before the King, and an inquiry ordered, the result of which was a full recognition of the Lady Elizabeth's innocence of the charge made against her. But Lord William's indignation was ex- treme. The injustice and wrong that had been done to his wife was never forgotten, and gave rise to a bitterness of language and an animosity of feeling towards Sir William Hutton which the mere fact of the weakness and timidity of an old man in dealing with the Border thieves would scarcely have justified, however worthy it might be of condemnation. (See Lord Wil- liam's Statement^ 8fc. App. pp. 452, et seqq,) Whilst, on the other hand, Sir William Hutton was little likely to have much XXX INTRODUCTION. goodwill towards one whose zeal for the reformation of Border matters went the length of recommending the withdrawal of a garrison and the abolition of a Commissionership which added 2000 marks to the knight's yearly income (p. 452, w.). Enough has been said to show that Lord WiUiam Howard was never in such a position of military command on the Border as to make it either possible or probable that the ordi- nary traditions respecting him have their origin from his own actual manner of life, pursuits, and habits. Those traditions belong really to an earlier time. They belong to a time when the banner of the Dacre, with its silver scallops '* upon martiall red " still proudly waved over the towers of Naworth. They were stories, half fact and half legend, associated in the first instance with the powerful chieftains who, for two generations, had been entrusted with the powers of Lord Warden of the Western Marches, and who unquestionably maintained a garrison of resolute and faithful retainers within the walls of Naworth, always ready to raise the wild shout of " A Daker, a Daker I a read bull, a read bull ! " * and to rush with as much eagerness to a raid upon the Scottish Border as though it were a scene of joyous pastime. Many a story would be passed from mouth to mouth, detailing the incidents of some wild foray, as when a " jomay ^' was " devised by the liord Dacre " in the month of June, 1523, and directions were given by him that " the whole garrison, with the inhabitants of the country, were to meet at Howtell Swyre upon Mondaye, at iiij of the clok aft'none the xxix day of Junij, and the said company by the suflfrance of God to ride into Scotland, and to cast downe the towr of Kelso Abbaye, and to bume the Towne ; the towr of Sm^awes, the towr of Ormyston ; and the Mosse house/^ f And other stories would be told of some stem act of justice being dealt out by the Lord Warden, when some well-known bandit was seized and brought before him. And when, long years afterwards, the Lord William Howard became the owner of Naworth and Lord * The well known war-cry of the Dacres, a " red bull " being their cognizance. f Quoted in Hodgson's Hist. Northumb. (Part II. vol. ii. p. 475) from Lord Dacre*8 Ledger Book for 1523, preserved in Miss Currer's Library, at Eshton Hall, Craven. r INTRODUCriOIT, of tie Barony of GKIsland, any act of energy and resolution which he displayed in the capture and proaecution of some bold offender would bu likened to aomo traditionary tale which still clung to the walls of the Caatle. And then, aa time went on, and Lord William was gathered to bis fathers, the remembrance of his powerful uharacter would survive. Tlie facts of yester- day, so to speak, would become mingled in dim and confused recollection with half- remembered legends of the Castle's former lords, and so it would come to pa^ that a reflected light from a bygone age would be thrown upon the dicta et geata of its latest The strength and resolution of Lord William's character, his stem determination to uphold, at alt hazards, the majesty of tho law, his high-minded integrity of purpose, and his abhorrence of all that was base and ignoble, left unquestionably an impress, strong and lasting, upon tho country over which his influence extended. This is no mere matter of tradition. We see from his own correspondence and memoranda how that mark was made, as it regarded tho repression of lawlessness and misrule, and we may easily understand bow hia name soon became aa much a name of fear with the lawless depredators in that wild border country, as was the name of the Dacre in the days of their fathers. We see, also, from the correspondence of others, how hia influence was dreaded, and with what jealousy his , power was regarded, in the neighbouring county of Nor- thumberland. But he was dreaded there for a different reason, and by a different class of people. In Newcastle, as in most of the larger towns in England, the mercantile and trading classes were, as a rule, strongly imbued with Puritanism and bitterly adverse to the Church of Rome, and it roused both their fears and their suspicions, when any prominent office or place was held, or any commanding influence exercised, by those who adhered to the ancient faith. Lord "W^illiam's attachment to that faith waa well known. His possessions in Northumberland were large, and his power great ; for, besides the Barony of ilorpeth with its appendages, and other manors in different parts of that county, he had great sway in Rcdosdale,* and the ' TLc lordship of liedcadale, wbicli becnme vested \a the Crown in the n>lgn of XXXU INTRODUCTION. wild country around Harbottle Castle, by the delegated autho- rity of his near kinsman Lord Walden. That part of Nor- thumberland was in bad repute. Eedesdale and Tynedale were inhabited by numbers of thieves and receivers of stolen horses or cattle, and it is obvious from the report made in answer to the Royal Commission of Jan. 10th, 1617, that Northumber- land as well as Cumberland had a share in Lord William's watchful supervision. But there is scarcely an allusion to this in the curious letters and papers, given in the Appendix, which were written by Sir Henry Anderson of Newcastle, Morton, the Vicar of that place, and others. There is no generous recognition of the efforts which were made by Lord William for the promotion of order in those wild and lawless parts. Yet the writers could scarcely be ignorant that some attempt had been made to restrain the predatory habits and thievish propensities of many of the dwellers in their own county, however ill informed they might be respecting the state of the more remote district of Cumber- land which so closely adjoined the Scottish Border. But Lord William was a Catholic, and that was enough. The odium theo^ logicum gives its colouring to every letter which they wrote. Dark hints about complicity in the Gunpowder Plot, strange stories about enormous sums of money placed by the Jesuits in Lord William's hands for the purposes of their order, a surmise (certainly not an improbable one) that " the Lord Willyam is thought to keep a priest in his house," accusations against him of maintaining an antagonistic attitude towards many of the gentry, of promoting vexatious suits against some of them, and of arbitrary interference in various ways connected with county affairs, — form the staple of these communications, one of which Hen. Vlll.y was granted by James I. Ui George Home, Jan. 29thy 1604% who in the same year was created Earl of Dunbar, in Scotland, and an English peer by the title of Lord Home, of Berwick. The same grant gave him the Lordships of Wark and Coquetdale, and other possessions in Northumberland. They were pro- bably limited to heirs male, for on the death of the Earl, in 1611, they reverted to the Crown. Theophilus, Lord Howard of Walden, married Elizabeth, daughter to Lord Dunbar, and by patent, of 12th Jan., 1614, James granted to him and his wife all the possessions of the late Earl of Dunbar in Northumberland and North Durham, which included, inter alia, the Manor of Redcsdale and the Manor and Castle of Harbottle, &c. INTRODTTOTION. XXXUl is addressed to Arclibisliop Abbot, the rest to Secretary Win- wood. Their object is transparent. They wanted to arouse the suspicions of the Government, which they hoped might result in some steps being taken to convict Lord William of recusancy, in which case " the King shall have two partes of his landes, and he shall be disabled to serv" (p. 425). Yet they were evidently not very sanguine as to the result of their suggestions, for they arrived at the conclusion that if they ended in nothing, all further opposition to him would be utterly futile, and that policy and self-interest would alike counsel submission to one of whom it had been said by " some simple men '^ that *^ther is mercie with God, but no mercie with my Lord Willyam " (p. 425). We read also in an anonymous com- munication, written apparently by some one connected with the county of Durham, that " my Lord William Howard hath gotten the greatest footing in Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmorland, Busshoprick (but here [«. e. in co. Pal. Durham] least, though very much), Lancashire, and Eichmondshire, that 1 ever I think any subject had, in the opinions of the people '* . (p. 436).* Of Lord Wniiam's religion a few words will be said here- ^ after, but this part of the subject must not be left without a J remark upon the testimony indirectly given by these letters of g Sir Henry Anderson, Morton, &c. to the persistent hold which g the ancient faith then maintained in the northern counties of ^ England. The burghers of Newcastle were no doubt zealous ^ Protestants, of the Puritan type, as were the majority o^ie ^ clergy, but the gentry of Northumberland were, almost W a ^ man. Catholics, and their tenants and dependents, with few ^ exceptions, were doubtless of the same faith. It was the same in Cumberland, though it may be not to so great an extent. ^ * The representations made with regard to Lord William's attachment to the : Church of Rome utterly failed. No proceedings, apparently, on that score, were fl then taken against him. James I. prohably refused to sanction any. His 1 re^rd to the Duke of Norfolk's family was shown in various ways, and clearly : manifested what he thought of Elizabeth's animosity against the Duke and his I bouse, connected as it was with her treatment of the Queen of Scots his mother. : besides this, James knew perfectly well the amount of influence exercised by Lord I William in maintaining tranquillity on the Border. He was far too powerful and too useful a man to be disturbed. b XXXIV INTRODUCTION. But Sir Ralph Sadler's words in 1569 were still generally applicable, — " there be not in all this countrey ten gentilmen that do favour and allowe of her Majestie's proceedings in the cause of religion" (ii. p. 65). He describes the lower orders also as being strongly imbued with the *^ olde popish doctryne.*' Nowhere, indeed (to use the words of Surtees), did " the first pale and struggling ray of the Reformation break with more unwelcome lustre " than in the Northern counties, the attach- ment of whose inhabitants to the ancient faith was deep and strong. It was a feeling which " lay like lees at the bottom of men's hearts, and if the vessel were ever so little stirred came to the top." We may note in these letters the uneasy, feeling which existed on the part of Protestants with reference to the increase in the number of recusants in the course of a few years. In 1603, when James I. ascended the throne, the return made to an Inquisition showed 306 Popish recusants in Northumberland, and sixty-seven non-communicants. But in 1616, the number of recusants had risen to 507, and that of non-communicants to 432 (p. 432). It seems as though when the pressure of Elizabeth's strong hand was removed, the bough that had been forcibly bent down to the earth sprang back to its place with all its native elasticity. When Lord William Howard became the undisputed pos- sessor of his wife's great estates, he must have found them, from various causes, in no very satisfactory condition. After Leo- nard Dacre's unsuccessful encounter with the Queen's forces at Gdts Bridge, and his subsequent flight from England, Naworth CJ^e ceased to be inhabited, and is described in 1580 as being in a dilapidated condition. A survey of all the fortresses on the West Border was made in that year by order of the Queen, and a report of their state sent in to Secretary Walsing- ham. The account given of Naworth is as follows: — '^THs Castle is one other of the chefe and principall mansion-houses belonginge to the heires of the sayd late Lord Dacre, standing xij miles east by north from the Castle of Kirkoswould, and aboat ten miles from Scotland, partly decayed, the repairinge whereof^ with help of the woods there, belonging to the Lord and owner of the same, is esteamed to d^, if the same be repaired before any j INTRODUCTION, XXX T greater decay happen " {Dom. Eliz. xxvii, 44). Askerton Castle, another small fortress within the Barony of Gilsland, is likewise reported as being " partly decayed, the repairinge whereof, with the help of the woods belonginge to the Lord and owner of the same, ia esteamed to xx''," Not very long after the transmission of this Report, Francis Dacre prosecuted his claim to the poaaessioiis of his ancestors, with the result, as already mentioned, of long years of litiga- tion, & period during which a property invariably suffers deteri- oration. No repairs probably were made. The castle was apparently untenanted, and as regarded the general condition of the estates, there was everything to cause impoverishment, nothing to foster improvement. For a long series of years there was a disputed ownership. Some of the tenants, as we have seen, supported Francis Dacre's claims, whilst others took part with Lord William and his wife, but all were probably unanimous on one point, namely, to expend as little as possible upon the improvement of their holdings. The unsettled condi- tion of the Borders, moreover, and the consequent insecurity of life and property, interposed, during the wliole period of the litigation, a complete barrier to any progress in material prosperity. In a communication addressed to Lord Burghley in 1-592, it is stated that " this country " (speaking of the Barony of Gilsiand) "is sore spoyled, and ever since worse governed" (Bibl. Reg. xvui. D. iii. fol, 70, — Printed in Archceologia, [Scotland], 1827). Lord William bad, therefore, an onerous task before him, but easier in one respect than it would have been during the pre- vious reign. The commencement of his residence in the North coincided with the accession of Jamea to the throne of England, and nothing contributed more to the tranquillity of the Border country than the uniting of the two countries under one sove- reign. There cannot be a stronger proof of this than the speedy increase in value of the land which lay near to the Scot- liah Border. Of this result we have ample evidence. About 1595 or 1596 a statement was made to Queen Elizabeth by Lord William of the yearly value of the whole property which feu to bis wife the Lady Elizabeth's share, and it ia given in as b 2 XXXTi IHTSODUCnOir. amoontingy in round numbers, to 1042/. (App. pp. 408-9). Fiye or six years afterwards, Lord William became recognized as absolute owner. No record of his revenue is extant, how- ever, until 1611. But in that year we meet with an exact account of the annual value of the estates, which shows a total of 3884/. (App. pp. 413—416). The profit derived from the cattle and sheep upon the demesnes which were in Lord Wil- liam's own hands, which is set down at 620/., is included in this sum. There were occasional fluctuations in subsequent years, but the Accounts show that the general increase in the value of the property was maintained. In 1633 it reaches its maximum^ the Household Book for that year, the latest perfect one,* recording an income, from all sources, of 6144/. 15«. 5d., exclusive of a balance in hand from the preceding year of 1613/. 18«. 2rf. Before the estates could be brought to the state in which we find them in 1633, there must have been much watchful supervision^ a wise and careful administration^ and the most judicious economy. The latter quality must have been much needed. When Lord William entered upon the estates in 1601, he must have been burdened with a load of debt, the damnosa JuBreditoB bequeathed by a long series of law-suits, and by the exorbitant sum demanded by the Queen as the price for regrant- ing the estates. Years afterwards we find him paying interest upon considerable sums of borrowed money, the rate being never less than 10/. per cent.f But incumbrances were gradually cleared off, and additions were from time to time made to the property. Thus, e. g. Lord William bought Thornthwaite of Sir Henry Curwen ; Corby was acquired, later on, from the Sal- kelds, the tithes of Brampton were purchased of Sir Thomas * There is a hiatus in the serieB between that year and 1640. The accoonts for this latter year, the hist of Lord William's life, have been somewhat imperfectly kept, more particularly as regards the entries of moneys received, attributable pro* bftbly to the disturbed state of things caused by the advance of the Scottish army» incidental notices of which occur in the book. f It must be borne in mind, however, that 101. per cent, was at that time legal interest. By 87 Henry YIII. all interest above that rate was declared nnlawftiL In the reign of Edward VI. religions feeling led to the prohibition of aU interat The statute of Henry YIII. was revived by 13 Elizabeth, and 10^ per cent, ooo* tinned to be the legal rate of interest until the 21 Jamei I., when it was restricted to 8/. per cent. nrTRODUGTIOX. ZXXTU Dacre, Plenmeller of Lord Walden, the Manor of Tursdale, in the county of Durham, of one of the Bulmers, the Lordship of Wheatley Hill, in the same county, of Sir Thomas Eiddell ; besides many smaller purchases of tenements and plots of ground in the neighbourhood of one or other of the great estates. Many difficulties, however, presented themselves at the out* set, exclusive of those caused by the lawlessness prevailing over all the Border country. The relations existing between Lord William and his tenants were for some time antagonistic. The latter appear to have clung to the idea that they could still hold their land under the ancient tenure of doing military service on the Scottish Border. On one occasion they assem- bled in considerable numbers at Gelts Bridge to encourage each other in opposition to Lord William's claim to grant leases upon payment of an arbitrary fine. It is somewhat curious to find the place of meeting advisedly chosen as that •'whear their auncestors had in tymes past fought a battell against the late Queen's forces on the parte of Leonard Dacre, thereby the rather to invite and persuade them by the memorie thereof to stand uppon their pretended custom of Tenant-right, &c." (App. p. 426). Some had previously submitted quietly to Lord William's terms (p. 413) ; but this tumultuous assemblage of malcontents was made a Star-chamber matter, and the ring" leaders were severely punished. It is to be regretted that no Household Book ia extant pre* viously to 1612. It would have been interesting to have traced i from its commencement the work which Lord William carried I on at Naworth,^ both as regarded the restoration of the Castle, I and the alterations made in it, as well as the improvement of the wide domain which surrounded it. But there is much to ' be gathered from the Books which exist. We learn somewhat g as to both these points, and we learn something else also. The i home life of the Castle is brought vividly before Us, by the various entries which illustrate the manners and customs of the $ time^ the tastes, habits, pursuits, and amusements of its inmates, • and by the information they afford respecting the cost of dress, ' furniture, provisions, horses, cattle, sheep, cost of labour, and other items of the most miscellaneous kind XXXVm INTRODUCTION. With the mention of the home life of the Castle another figure comes into view. If> as has already been said, that of the Lord William Howard stands out, sharp and prominent, in almost every one of the pages which follow, the portrait of the Lady Elizabeth, his wife, is scarcely less clear in its outline. We see her as the provident and watchful, but kind and gene- rous, mistress of that great household. We see also that the fullest trust and confidence were reposed in her by her husband. Entries perpetually recur of payments made by *^ my Lady's allowance,*' that is, by her sanction and approval ; and her directions are given in the free und unrestrained exercise of an authority which was evidently recognized as co-ordinate with that of "my Lord." During his absences in London or elsewhere, my Lady acted as his alter ego ; payments were made to her, even for such unlikely things as " hydes " and " mort- skins " (p. 212), and for "the hay sold in Brearthwaite forest'* (p. 801) . With the assistance of her sons, she directed everything. She rarely left Naworth. Once or twice we find a bare refer- ence to her Ladyship having been in London, but there are no items relating to any journey taken thither by her. At the time this series of Household accounts coimnences Lord William and the Lady Elizabeth his wife had ten- sur- viving children, seven sons and three daughters. They lived in patriarchal fashion. For many years none seem to have left the paternal roof, with the exception of the married daughtera The sons married, one after another ; but they and their wives and children lived on at Naworth, until, in the later years of Lord William's life, some of them appear to have resided upon one or other of the lesser mansion houses on their father's estates — Sir William at Braflerton, Sir Charles at Croglin, and Mr. Thomas at TJnthank, and afterwards at Tursdale.* Sir Philip, the eldest son, died early in life, in 1616. His widow apparently made her home at Naworth, and their eldest wm^ * The Manor of Tursdale, oo. Durham, was conveyed in 1638 hy William Balmflr, of Morwick, Esq. (for 16582.), to Lord William Howard, who immediately settled the same on himself and his wife Elizabeth for life, with remainder to his yoongeil son Thomas Howard. — Cf. Surtees' Hist. Dnrh. i. pp. 77-8. The ac|joiniiis lordship of Wheatley Hill w^ bought in 1639 (see hereafter, p. 352). rNTHODUCTION, XXXIK who succeeded at Lord "William's death to the bulb of the estates, was brought up under the eye of hia grandfather, and treated as the heir. Sir Francia, the second son, with hia family, appears to have resided constantly at Naworth until the end of his father's life- After Sir Philip's death, he took the prominent position which the eldest sou, if living, would hare occupied ; acting in conjunction with his father in various ways, attending the Assizes, going up to London when law-suits were going on, &c., &e. None of the sons, however, were mereidlera, devoting all their energies to hunting the red deer and the roe, or looking out on the wild upland for some quarry whereat to fly their hawks. Yet there was no indifference to " the noble art of venerie," nor any ignorance of wood-craft. Sir Francis had his hawks and hounds. Mr. Thom.as had his grevhounds. Sir Francis goes " to Keswick to take dear " (p. 97), and ho and his brother Robert go to hunt at Thornthwaite (p. 198); and my Lord telU some visitors, in 1634, " that his sonnes had then killed out of his owne parkea 120 buckes of this season " (App. p. 490). But they had sterner work at times on their hands. Lord "William obviously brought up his sons to emulate their father's activity and energy in dealing with the Border banditti. We find a payment "'to soldiora that went with Mr, Thomas" (p. 177), and another item "for the diet of 5 soldiers sent by Mr. Charles, for v days " (p, 198). la both cases some aid had been sought from the garrison at Carliale, on occasion of an expedition to track and seize some marauders. The latter entry follows one which records a payment for " carrying 2 fellowes to gaole," We have also a graphic account by Lord "William himself of Sir Francis and Mr, Thomas followiug some " notorious offenders," who had carried off a couple of horses into Scotland. The thieves showed fight, fired their pistols, and brandished their cutlasses, but were captured, at much personal risk, by Sir Francis and his brother. "We are somewhat quaintly told that in making tliia capture they were " inforced to hurt one of them resistinge, who was thereby in such danger of deathc as he could not be cairyed so fare as the next Scotish goaie" (p. 467). Encounters of this sort must have been of no infrequent occurrence. When Lord William wrote the Paper Xlii INTRODUCTION. carried on at home, but of this we have no account. The eldest had become Lady Bedingfield, before these Household Books commence, and Mrs. Cotton was married about the time when they begin. Mrs. Mary, afterwards Lady Wintour, is con- stantly mentioned, and from an item in 1619, when she was 8 girl of fifteen, we gather that Latin entered into the course of instruction which she received, for " a Latin primer '* is got for her, costing 65. 6d. (p. 109) * There is not a trace of any instruction in music or singing, and no mention of the purchase of any kind of musical instrument. Dancing appears to have been the solitary accomplishment given, with the exception of needlework and embroidery. The dancing lessons were given apparently by some country professor of the art. An item occurs of a payment of 2/. for a month's instruction (p. 344). From an entry in 1629, we find that the marriage portion which Sir John Wintour received wjth Mrs. Mary was 5000/., the last instalment of which was paid in that year (p. 260). A like sum was probably given with each of her sisters. The Castle must have been always enlivened by the presence of children. The families which grew up around the sons of the house of course resided there, and one or other of the married daughters appear to have sent their children from time to time to be under their grandmother's care. We have only to relet to the entries headed " My Ladie's parcels," to see how fre- quently this was the case, and how liberally any needfiil additions were made to their wardrobe, and all charged to my Lady's account. Before directing attention to the light thrown by these Books upon the mode of life of the family, and upon various other matters of more or less interest, the items which illustrate the work carried on, and the improvements made by Lord William, in and about the Castle, may be briefly noted. The main repairs were probably efiected before the date of the earliest existing Accounts, but a little may nevertheless be gleaned as to what was done afterwards. Li 1612, the orohazd * «A Dictionarie poeticall" U bought for her in 1625 (p. 232). No other mtrj oocan of the purchase of a book for her special use. IJfTBODUCTlOW, Xli Their names da not appear ia the Douay Begiater. Possibly they may have been at St. Omer, Money for their expenses, which seem to have amounted to 90/. a year, was sent through Mr. Cansfield.* Begular allowances were made by Lord William to his sons and daughters. In 1612 we find Sir Francis receiving 50/. per annum, and 10/. yearly for oats. His brothers William, Charles, and Thomas, receive 40/. each. In 1620 Mr. Robert (who was then about twenty-three) has 30/. a year, and Mrs, Mary, the youngest daughter, then about sixteen, receives a like sum. In 1625 his granddaughters, Mrs. Aletheia, afterwards Lady Fairfax (p. 258, n.), and Mrs. Elizabeth, were allowed 20/. each. As time went on, these allowances were much increased. Mrs. Aletheia,^ after her marriage, had 40/. a year (p. 259), and in 1633 Mrs. Elizabeth receives a like sum. In 1633 Sir Francis's allowance was 100/., and Mr. William and JJ^r. Charles 60Z. each ; Mj. Thomas stiU remaining at 40/. The latter was living at TJnthank in 1628 (p. 249), and appears to have farmed some land under his father at Plenmeller, (p. 288). Both he and Sir Francis appear to have bred cattle and sheep on their own account, some of which probably had a free run on my Lord's demesne lan^. In 1629 my Lord buys ''75 beastes '' of Sir Francis, for which he pays him 60/. on account, and in 1633 "ten fatt quyes" are bought of Mr. Thomas Howard at 3/. apiece. In the last Household Book, moreover, there are entries of payments to Sir Francis for 100 sheep bought of him "in my Lord's lifetime" (pp. 362-3). Sir William Howard, the heir, had an allowance of 400/. a year in 1633. His mother, "my Ladie Mary Howard (widdow),^' received a "pension," as it is designated, of 100/. per annum (p. 259). The education of Lord William's daughters was probably * The mention of Mr. Cansfield's name in connexion with, these remittances lers it not an improbable supposition that St. Omer was the place of their ion. Brian Cansfield, doubtless a kinsman, who was bom in 1585, was Iqlptod at St. ( r, and afterwards at the English college at Home. He became in 1604 , and died in 1645, of the effects of an imprisonment in York l» f^ [ Beoordfl, S^es v. — TiiL, p. 140. I am indebted to Dr. Enox xliv iNTRcrnxJCTioN. arable and pasture, was kept in my Lord's own hands.* Few changes, probably, had at that time been introduced into agri- culture, but if any improvement, either in implements or in the mode of working land, came under Lord William's notice in other parts of England, we may be quite sure his eye would be quick to mark it, and to bring it into use on his own estates. We see this readiness to adopt any useful invention exemplified as regarded the working of coal on his Cumberland property. When he came to Naworth, the mode of " winning " it (as the Northern phrase is) would be of a very rude description. An outcrop of coal would be visible, here and there, on the slope of some hill, and the stratum would be wrought by the primitive process of grooving, that is, by an adit horizontally excavated^ the miner tunnelling his way before him, but not advancing to any great distance from the light of day. Lord William had no doubt observed in Northumberland a process whereby the existence of a seam of coal, where no external sign was visible, and its depth and thickness, could be ascertained by means of boring-rod^. If a seam were discovered by this apparatus, a shaft was sunk to the depth required. These rods he procured in 1618, and a set of them, as we learn, cost 5/. I65. QcL (p. 94) .f This most useful invention may have been adopted, pos- sibly, for some time previously in the Newcastle coal-field, but its use was probably only local, for in 1628 my Lord sends " s boarer of coales," no doubt a skilled workman, to his son-in-law Sir John Wintour, a man being paid 15s. for acting as his guide between Doncaster and Lydney (p. 249). Sir John lived in the Forest of Dean, and was evidently anxious to develope its mineral wealth. Coal was used as fuel at Naworth, though by no means to the exclusion of wood and peat. There was a small inland sale at Lord William's colliery at Farlam, but the quan- tity of coal brought to bank is not given, nor the price per chaldron at which it was sold.} The receipts do not seem to * In 1611 the number of cattle of all sorts is reckoned as amonnting to 1110» and the number of sheep to 3000, besides what had been consumed as provinoa for the household at Naworth. (App. p. 416.) t The first record of the use of bore -rods is to be found in Grey's ChorogrctpJUa : a Survey of Newcartle upon 7)fne, &c., published in 1649. But the author does not mention it as a new thing. X We meet with incidental notices of the price of coals in London. In 1620 there INTRODUCTION. xliii -wall was in progress, which may probably be identified with that which surrounds the present garden. In 1618 the park wall was either repaired or in process of building (pp. 89, 90), and Mr. Eadcliffe the Auditor's chamber was made habitable. In the following year the old Tower, sometimes called Carlisle Tower, was repaired (p. 132), and the Chapel wainscotted. Materials were brought from Kirkoswald Castle, the "little Chappie '' of which was taken down at this time, In 1620 two sundials were got. In 1622 the roof of the Chapel at Kirkos- wald was taken down and put up at Naworth, a work which occupied several men for twenty-two days (p. 194). *^ A pic- ture in glasse " is mentioned (p. 195), possibly for the Chapel. In 1624 some further work was done at the Chapel, the " Abbey Bridge '* over the Irthing, between Naworth and Lanercost, was built, and the building of the park wall carried on (p. 215). In the same year a representation of the Crucifixion in stained glass, and " the ould arms " in the same material — the latter no doubt brought originally from Kirkoswald and now re-leaded — were inserted in the Chapel windows (p. 222. See also Addenda, p. 514). Another "crucifix of glasse " is got in 1626 (p. 234). "Work was going on this year at the garden wall. In 1628 new windows in the parlour and chamber above, and a great win- dow in the gallery, are mentioned (p. 247). In 1633 a mason sends in a bill for fifty days' works at Naworth, and another bill comes in, not very long after, for sixty- three days' at Na worth and Corby. A good deal seems to have been laid out from time to time upon the house at the latter place. There is a further item for plastering '^the new gallerie" at Naworth, the construction of which dates probably from this year. The information given as to specific improvements in the property is but partial, though there is enough to show that a gradual and progressive change for the better was being wrought. We read, for example, of the stubbing up of old tree-roots in the park, of quicksets being bought, of new hedges being made round the Hall flat and " the improvement," and elsewhere, all indicating that enclosures were in progress, and that some waste land, hitherto bearing nothing save broom, and heather, and fern, waa being brought into cultivation^ A large tract of land. xlvi INTRODTTCTION. curious, not only as a record of the prices of different articles of food at the time, but as showing the provision which was made, week by week, for the supply of that bountiful table. The quantity is great and the variety extraordinary. The bill of fare may be described as comprising omnimoda volatilia, and, if not omnimoda animalia, yet almost omnimoda natantia, some of which, indeed, would now be deemed repellent rather than inviting. Porpoise, e. g. must have been then regarded as a choice viand. It formed one of the dishes which graced the board when my Lord entertained the " Judges at Naward '* (p. 236), and three were provided for the guests who were present during a *^ Hunting week " (p. 127). Seal was likewise eaten, as also cormorant and solan-goose. It will be observed that neither beef nor venison are mentioned in these accounts of the weekly consumption, and mutton very rarely. The reason is that no money payment was made for them. My Lord's own demesnes furnished the beef and mutton, and the red deer and the roe were the spoils of the chase brought in by his sons. The purchase of veal, lamb, kid, and occasionally pork is recorded. *^ A veal " cost from 6s. to 9s., a lamb from 2s. 8d, to 3s. 4r/., a kid Is. 3^^. to Is. 9d, A side of mutton is charged 5s. 4fl?., and a quarter of pork 3s. 3^. Hares are gene- rally 6^/. each., and rabbits about 8^^. a couple. There is no trace of grouse, black-cock, or partridge being regarded in the light of game. They are constantly brought to the larder, but they are bought of a fowler, just as fish of all kinds were bought of a fisherman. These men sot their price upon the fish and fowl which they brought, and received in addition a recognized " fee." Grouse were usually from 3d. to 5d. apiece, a black-cock 6(/., and a grey-hen 6(/. From 3d. to 6d. is given for a partridge, and id, for a woodcock. Besides what is now classed under the head of game, the fowlers brought in birds of all descriptions, green and grey plover, bitterns, curlews, cushatSi or wild pigeons, larks, sparrows, field-fares and starlings, stints and redshanks, sea-mews and puffins. Herons and sheldrakes were also in favour. The fasts of the Church were sbserved with great strictness. No flesh meat of any description was eaten during Lent, but iin:KO!>ocnoN. xlv to have varied much. In 1618 the amount realized from this source was 50/. 10s, 6d., and in 1633 it had only advanced to 61/. 9s. In this latter year my Lord was engaged in sinking a new coal-pit (p. 345). From an entry in the Account for 1618 there seems to have been some attempt made to find coal at Thornthwaite (p. 91), but no result followed. Planting seems to have been going on. Elm-trees were bought in London, and sent down to Newcastle by sea (p. 140). The garden received much attention. In 1629 two dozen apple- trees, two dozen plum-trees, and three apricot-trees were bought at Newburn. Twelve pear-trees were also got about the same time (p. 264). Some garden seeds bought at this time are par- ticularized— parsley, beet, leek, and garlic. Sometimes garden seeds are purchased in York, sometimes in London. Artichoke roots are also got (p. 92). Fruit-trees, costing 2/., were shipped from London in 1619, and a gratuity given to the sailors to be careful of them (p. 108). In 1633 four young pear-trees are bought in London at 2s. 6^. each, and '* 6 vine-trees " at a cost of 2s. (p. 322). A few notes may perhaps be conveniently introduced here concerning the information which may be gleaned from these Household Books as to the manner of life at Naworth Castle, the dress, amusements, and pursuits of its inmates, and the light thus incidentally thrown upon the manners and customs of the period. These notes must necessarily be somewhat brief. An exhaustive analysis of the contents of these Books would occupy far more space than the ordinary limits prescribed to an Intro- duction would admit of. It is recorded of Lord William's father, the Duke of Norfolk, that he was '' much lamented by all men, for he was a man good to all, remarkable for his hospitality even in those times, when it abounded everywhere " (Bloomfield's Sist. Norfolk^ i. p. 86) . The open-handed hospitality of the father was assuredly revived in the person of one, at least, of his sons. A single glance at the weekly expenditure, recorded imder the head of " Fresh Acates," will suffice to show this. The items are very • 18 an entry of 42. 10«. left with the housekeeper in my Lord's lodgings at Arundel House, to buy six chaldrons of coals (p. 146). In 1627, 21«. 10c2. is mentioned as the price of a chaldron (p. 241), and in 1629 it varied from 19«. to 22«. (p. 272 xlviii isTTRODUcrioK. failed to attend St. Luke's fair at that place, to lay in a stock of whatever might be required (see e. g. p. 94). But large purchases, both of groceries and other things, were made in London, sent by sea to Newcastle, from thence by boat to Newbufn, and then by land-carriage to Naworth, often on the backs of pack-horses, but not unfrequently by cart or waggon. When Lord William first resided at Naworth, wine was very sparingly used. It will be seen, in the Household Book for 1612, that it was bought in small quantities, by the quart or the gallon, the whole of the outlay for that year amounting only to 13/. 9s. 6d, In after years, when the income had considerably increased, the expenditure in wine became much more liberal. Claret and sack were then sometimes bought by the hogshead. A hogshead of the former cost from 4.1, 10s. to 61. In 1629 a tun of claret was got, for which, including the cost of shipping and "double caskinge," 21Z. 2s. 10c?. was paid. Sack was more expensive, a hogshead costing 81. 10s. When bought by the gallon, claret was charged 2s., and sack from 3s. 2d. to 4s. The amount expended in wine in 1633-34 was about 75Z., after deducting the charge for vinegar, which, as bought of the wine-merchant^ is entered under the head of *' Wine." A hogs- head of vinegar cost Si. 15s. (p. 330). The entries under the heads of " My Lord's parcells ^' and ** My Ladle's parcells '^ possess considerable interest. We have before us every item of apparel in which they themselves, their daughter Mrs. Mary, and their grandchildren were arrayed^ as well as occasional articles of raiment for one or other of their sons. On state occasions, or visits of ceremony, the attire of my Lord and my Lady was rich and costly. My Lord employed a London tailor for the apparel he was clothed withal at such times, and there are many entries of purchases made in London of rich and expensive articles of dress by my Lady's order, and for her use, or intended to be given by her to child or grand- child. But for ordinary purposes cloth or other ^material of stronger texture and more homely character was used. My Lady, for example, often dressed in serge, and my Lord in frieze or camlet. A riding-suit for the latter cost 41. 9s. (p. 188). And both were satisfied with the workmanship of a country INTRODUCTION. xlvii there was no lack of choice fresh fish from the lake, the riyer, and the mountain tarn. It is needless to say that there was a profusion also of sea-fish. This was usually supplied from the coast of Northumberland, transmitted sometimes by way of Newcastle, and sometimes from Morpeth. It was e^bn pro- cured occasionally from the distant fishing station of Hartlepool (p. 304).* Oysters and other shell-fish were much used. 2660 oysters were brought at one time at the commencement of Lent in 1620 (p. 140). The price was usually about 5«. per 1000. Dried and salt fish were laid in, in large quantities, sometimes sent down by sea from London (p. 340). The servants were probably fed for the most part upon salted meat and fish. There was a large yearly outlay for salt, and the amount of " salt store " in the shape of " powdered linges," haberdine, red-herrings, and other fish, was very considerable. The only vegetables which seem to have been bought were leeks and onions, to supplement the produce of the garden. Eggs entered largely into the cookery. They are a constant item. Quanti- ties were sent in payment of rent, or as tythe in kind ; and the same may be said of capons, hens, and geese. Thirty of the latter were sent regularly by "Parson Curwen/' and "rent hens from Corkeby " are mentioned (p. 170). Pickled cucum- bers and capers are often procured, as also are olives. The ordinary spices were used, and lemons must have been often employed to add a zest to some choice dish. Oranges were frequently bought, at the rate of from 8d. to Is, per dozen. Figs, raisins, dates, " marmalett of quinces," and " preserved damsons " occur. Preserved fruits, indeed, under the term of " wet sucketts " are constantly mentioned. These, and groceries generally, were brought chiefly from Newcastle. The house- steward, or his wife, or some other confidential servant, seldom * * It IB not a little remarkable to find that fish was sent all the way from Hartle* pool to Naworth, and scarcely less so to observe that the Northumbrian coast famished at all times the chief supply. But it would seem that there was very little enterprise on the part of those who dwelt on the shores of Cumberland with regard to sea-fishing. Camden says, "The ocean which beats upon this shore affords great plenty of the best fish, and as it were upbraids the inhabitants with their idleness, in not applying themselves closer to the fishing-trade." — Britannia (ed. Qibaon), p. 819. xl INTRODUCTION. which gives these particulars he was far advanced in Ufe^ too in- firm^ probably, to take any personal command on such oecasioxi^ and his sons would act as his lieutenants; but we may well bdieTO that it details a scene similar to many in which he had taken a pro-* minent part, whilst he was yet in the vigour of his active manhcx)d* Of Robert and John, the two youngest sons, we have little mention. The former became a monk of the Order of St. Bene-* diet.* The other is barely mentioned in the Accounts, and there appears no record of his subsequent career. With Lord William^s love of literature we can scarcely doubt his having carefully provided for the education of his sons, but where, or from whom, they received it we have no account. It appeared not altogether an improbable supposition that they might have been sent to the English College at Douay, but their names are not found in its Register.f Sir Francis waa sent to travel abroad, when he was about nineteen, under the care of Sir Henry Bedingfield, who had married his eldest sister. A licence to travel for three years was granted to them^ November 23, 1607 (S. P. James I., xxviii. 96). On the 23rd May in the following year, a similar licence was issued to hii eldest brother Philip (Ibid, xxvii. 61). Mr. William Howard, the grandson, who, as has been already mentioned, eventually inherited the property, was in France for education in 1619, ao* companied by his cousin Thomas Bedingfield (pp. 104, 106-9). *■ I make this statement on the aathority of the late Mr. Howard, of Corby {Sowar d Memorials, p. 72). He goes on to say that Sir Francis Howard* in the distribution of 200Z. left by Lord William " for pious uses/' writes, in a paper addressed to his son Francis, *' You will express to Mr. Hungate (the chaplain) that he dispose of 60/. thereof as hee thinks fitting ; that 50/. be paid to my brother Robert as he thinks fit for his Order ; and 50Z, to Mr. Howard for the Dominicans for his Order ; and 50Z. to theim that are imploied for the Carthusian^ my father, as I remember, particularly desiring these might have a share in what hee intended for such uses." This Paper is preserved at Corby. The Mr. Howard who is mentioned as belonging to the Dominicans may possibly be William Howardflb the author of A pattern of Christian loyaltie, &c. (London : Printed by R. Badger, 1684.) It is dedicated to Lord Arundel, and the writer mentl^iiB himielf as related in blood to his Lordship, of whom he speaks also as being the chief of Ue house. I am unable to identify him. t So I am informed by Dr. Knox, of the London Oratory, who, in answer to my inquiry on the subject, has kindly made reference to the yet anpublished portion oif his interesting edition of the Douay Register. tNTRODfCTION, II he got 20s., besides a New Year's gift from my Lady of 6s. (p. 314). If is needless to repeat that hunting, hawking, and perhaps fishing, formed the chief recreations of Sir Francis Howard and his brothers. To these pursuits must be added the fascina- tions of the race-course. Mention is made of Sir Prancia having been at a race in Scotland, and Langomby races had attractions both for him and Mr. Charles. "The little gentlemen," their nephews, went to the race at Langomby (p. 52). Perhaps each of their uncles had entered a horae to run. The only instance, I think, of the purchase of toys is a solitary entry for "a footeball for the children^' (p.'"59}.* For many years very little was spent upon furniture. The making of three bedsteads at Thornthwaite in 1612, f the bring- ing of a iike number from Kirkoswald, and the purchase of some stools and chairs for Hinderskelf, are perhaps the most impor- tant items. More was laid out towards the latter part of my Lord's life. Amongst things bought in London, in 1621), is a cabinetj with twenty-one "draw boxies," as the drawers are qnaintly called, and six similar caljineta appear to have been afterwards got for my Lady (pp. 143, 140). In iti:!:i a cosily set of " lanskipp hanginges," or tapestry, was bought, measur- ing 148 ells, for which iil. 8s. was paid. A yellow damask bed, adorned with embroidery, with taffety curtains, two chairs and a long cushion to match, were purchased at the same time, costing 251. A Turkey carpet is also got, and expensive linen damask for table-cloths and napkins (p. 326). But no merely ornamental things occur. There is not a trace, for instance, of the purchase of such a thing as a mirror. My Lady, indeed, bought a " looking-glass " in 1618, for which 9s. was given, • A note was inadTCrtentl J omitted at p. 228, where " bBttell dores " are mon- tioD«d. It is possible tliat if cursorily read the word mny be thought to have something to do with skuttle.cockt, and the conclusion miglit be come to that they were bought for the children's amusement. But these "battell doi'cs" were implemeats used in th^ laundry, for bonting coarae clothes. + When the family made Thornthwaite thtir homo for a time, bedding anil plat* were talien thither fi'om Niiworth (p. 182). Bedding was also taken to the bouse Lord William rented at Carlisle, wlicu he went there to attend the Assi'^es (p. 197). Xlli INTRODUCTION. carried on at home, but of this we have no account. The eldest had become Lady Bedingfield, before these Household Books commence, and Mrs. Cotton was married about the time when they begin. Mrs. Mary, afterwards Lady Wlntour, is con- stantly mentioned, and from an Item In 1619, when she was a girl of fifteen, we gather that Latin entered into the course of instruction which she received, for " a Latin primer " is got for her, costing 6s, 6d. (p. 109).* There is not a trace of any instruction In music or singing, and no mention of the purchase of any kind of musical instrument. Dancing appears to have been the solitary accomplishment given, with the exception of needlework and embroidery. The dancing lessons were given apparently by some country professor of the art. An item occurs of a payment of 2/. for a month's instruction (p. 344). From an entry in 1629, we find that the marriage portion which Sir John Wintour received wjth Mrs. Mary was 5000/., the last instalment of which was paid in that year (p. 260). A like sum was probably given with each of her sisters. The Castle must have been always enlivened by the presence of children. The families which grew up around the sons of the house of course resided there, and one or other of the married daughters appear to have sent their children from time to time to be under their grandmother's care. We have only to refer to the entries headed " My Ladle's parcels," to see how fre- quently this was the case, and how liberally any need&il additions were made to their wardrobe, and all charged to my Lady's account. Before directing attention to the light thrown by these Books upon the mode of life of the family, and upon various other matters of more or less interest, the items which illustrate the work carried on, and the improvements made by Lord William, in and about the Castle, may be briefly noted. The main repairs were probably effected before the date of the earliest existing Accounts, but a little may nevertheless be gleaned as to what was done afterwards. Li 1612, the orchard * "A Dictionarie poeticall" is bought for her in 1625 (p. 232). No other enti; oocoTB of the purchase of a book for her special use. INTRODUCTION. xliii wall was in progress, whicli may probably be identified with. that which surrounds the present garden. In 1618 the park wall was either repaired or in process of building (pp. 89, 90), and Mr. Sadcliffe the Auditor's chamber was made habitable. In the following year the old Tower, sometimes called Carlisle Tower, was repaired (p. 132), and the Chapel wainscotted. Materials were brought from Kirkoswald Castle, the "little Chappie *' of which was taken down at this time, In 1620 two sundials were got. In 1622 the roof of the Chapel at Kirkos- wald was taken down and put up at Naworth, a work which occupied several men for twenty-two days (p. 194). *^ A pic- ture in glasse '^ is mentioned (p. 195), possibly for the Chapel. In 1624 some further work was done at the Chapel, the " Abbey Bridge'' over the Trthing, between Naworth and Lanercost, was built, and the building of the park wall carried on (p. 215). In the same year a representation of the Crucifixion in stained glass, and " the ould arms " in the same material — the latter no doubt brought originally from Kirkoswald and now re-leaded — were inserted in the Chapel windows (p. 222. See also Addenda, p. 514). Another "crucifix of glasse '' is got in 1626 (p. 234). Work was going on this year at the garden wall. In 1628 new windows in the parlour and chamber above, and a great win- dow in the gallery, are mentioned (p. 247). In 1633 a mason sends in a bill for fifty days' works at Na worth, and another bill comes in, not very long after, for sixty-three days' at Naworth and Corby. A good deal seems to have been laid out from time to time upon the house at the latter place. There is a further item for plastering '^the new gallerie" at Naworth, the construction of which dates probably from this year. The information given as to specific improvements in the property is but partial, though there is enough to show that a gradual and progressive change for the better was being wrought. We read, for example, of the stubbing up of old tree-roots in the park, of quicksets being bought, of new hedges being made round the Hall flat and " the improvement," and elsewhere, all indicating that enclosures were in progress, and that some waste land, hitherto bearing nothing save broom, and heather, and fern, was being brought into cultivation^ A large tract of land. xKv iNTRODXJcnoir. arable and pasture, was kept in my Lord's own hands.* Few changes, probably, had at that time been introduced into agri- culture, but if any improvement, either in implements or in the mode of working land, came under Lord William's notice in other parts of England, we may be quite sure his eye would be quick to mark it, and to bring it into use on his own estates. We see this readiness to adopt any useful invention exemplified as regarded the working of coal on his Cumberland property. When he came to Naworth, the mode of " winning " it (as the Northern phrase is) would be of a very rude description. An outcrop of coal would be visible, here and there, on the slope of some hill, and the stratum would be wrought by the primitive process of grooving, that is, by an adit horizontally excavated, the miner tunnelling his way before him, but not advancing to any great distance from the light of day. Lord William had no doubt observed in Northumberland a process whereby the existence of a seam of coal, where no external sign was visible, and its depth and thickness, could be ascertained by means of boring-rods. If a seam were discovered by this apparatus, a shaft was sunk to the depth required. These rods he procured in 1618, and a set of them, as we learn, cost 5/. 16«. 9d (p. 94) .f This most useful invention may have been adopted, pos- sibly, for some time previously in the Newcastle coal-field, but its use was probably only local, for in 1628 my Lord sends " a boarer of coales," no doubt a skilled workman, to his son-in-law Sir John Wintour, a man being paid 15s. for acting as his guide between Doncaster and Lydney (p. 249). Sir John lived in the Forest of Dean, and was evidently anxious to develope its mineral wealth. Coal was used as fuel at Naworth, though by no means to the exclusion of wood and peat. There was a small inland sale at Lord William's colliery at Farlam, but the quan- tity of coal brought to bank is not given, nor the price per chaldron at which it was sold, j: The receipts do not seem to * In 1611 the number of cattle of all sorts is reckoned as amounting to 1110» and the number of sheep to 3000, besides what had been consumed as provisioa for the household at Na worth. (App. p. 416.) t The first record of the use of bore-rods is to be found in Grey's Chorographia : a Survey of Newcartle upon Tyne, Sac, published in 1649. But the author does not mention it as a new thing. X We meet with incidental notices of the price of coals in London. In 1620 there iin:KO!>ocTioN. xlv to have raried much. In 1618 the amount realized from this flource was 50/. 10s. 6d,y and in 1633 it had only advanced to 61/. 9s. In this latter year my Lord was engaged in sinking a new coal-pit (p. 345), From an entry in the Account for 1618 there seems to have been some attempt made to find coal at Thomthwaite (p. 91), but no result followed. Planting seems to have been going on. Elm-trees were bought in London, and sent down to Newcastle by sea (p. 140). The garden received much attention. In 1629 two dozen apple- trees, two dozen plum-trees, and three apricot-trees were bought at Newburn. Twelve pear-trees were also got about the same time (p. 264). Some garden seeds bought at this time are par- ticularized— parsley, beet, leek, and garlic. Sometimes garden seeds are purchased in York, sometimes in London. Artichoke roots are also got (p. 92). Fruit-trees, costing 21., were shipped from London in 1619, and a gratuity given to the sailors to be careful of them (p. 108). In 1633 four young pear-trees are bought in London at 2s. 6d. each, and '* 6 vine-trees " at a cost of 28. (p. 322). A few notes may perhaps be conveniently introduced here concerning the information which may be gleaned from these Household Books as to the manner of life at Naworth Castle, the dress, amusements, asd pursuits of its inmates, and the light thus incidentally thrown upon the manners and customs of the period. These notes must necessarily be somewhat brief. An exhaustive analysis of the contents of these Books would occupy far more space than the ordinary limits prescribed to an Intro- duction would admit of. It is recorded of Lord William's father, the Duke of Norfolk, that he was '^ much lamented by all men, for he was a man good to all, remarkable for his hospitality even in those times, when it abounded everywhere " (Bloomfield's Sist. Norfolk, i. p. 86) • The open-handed hospitality of the father was assuredly revived in the person of one, at least, of his sons. A single glance at the weekly expenditure, recorded under the head of " Fresh Acates," will suffice to show this. The items are very • 18 an entry of 42. 10«. left with the hoasekeeper in my Lord's lodgings at Arnndel House, to buy six chaldrons of coals (p. 146). In 1627, 2\s, lOd, is mentioned as the price of a chaldron (p. 241), and in 1629 it varied from 19«. to 22f . (p. 272 xlvi INTRODTTCTION. curious, not only as a record of the prices of different articles of food at the time, but as showing the provision which was made^ week by week, for the supply of that bountiful table. The quantity is great and the variety extraordinary. The bill of fare may be described as comprising omnimoda volatilia^ and, if not omnimoda animalia, yet almost omnimoda natantia, some of which, indeed, would now be deemed repellent rather than inviting. Porpoise, e. g. must have been then regarded as a choice viand. It formed one of the dishes which graced the board when my Lord entertained the " Judges at Naward " (p. 236), and three were provided for the guests who were present during a '^ Hunting week " (p. 127). Seal was likewise eaten, as also cormorant and solan-goose. It will be observed that neither beef nor venison are mentioned in these accounts of the weekly consumption, and mutton very rarely. The reason is that no money payment was made for them. My Lord's own demesnes furnished the beef and mutton, and the red deer and the roe were the spoils of the chase brought in by his sons. The purchase of veal, lamb, kid, and occasionally pork is recorded. '^ A veal " cost from 6s. to 9s,, a lamb from 25. 8d. to 3s. 4:d., a kid Is. 3d. to Is. 9d, A side of mutton is charged 5s. 4c?., and a quarter of pork 3s. 3d. Hares are gene- rally 6d, each., and rabbits about 8d. a couple. There is no trace of grouse, black-cock, or partridge being regarded in the light of game. They are constantly brought to the larder, but they are bought of a fowler, just as fish of all kinds were bought of a fisherman. These men set their price upon the fish and fowl which they brought, and received in addition a recognized " fee.'' Grouse were usually from 3d. to 5d. apiece, a black-cock 6c?., and a grey-hen 5d. From 3^/. to 6d. is given for a partridge, and id. for a woodcock. Besides what is now classed under the head of game, the fowlers brought in birds of all descriptions, green and grey plover, bitterns, curlews, cushats^ or wild pigeons, larks, sparrows, field-fares and starlings, stints and redshanks, sea-mews and puffins. Herons and sheldrakes were also in favour. The fasts of the Church were observed with great strictness. No flesh meat of any description was eaten during Lent, but INTRODUCTION, xlvu {here was no lack of choice fresh fish from the lake, the river, and the mountain tarn. It is needless to say that there was a profusion also of sea-fish. This was usually supplied from the coast of Northumberland, transmitted sometimes by way of Newcastle, and sometimes from Morpeth. It was evfen pro- cured occasionally from the distant fishing station of Hartlepool (p. 304).* Oysters and other shell-fish were much used. 2660 oysters were brought at one time at the commencement of Lent in 1620 (p. 140). The price was usually about 5s. per 1000. Dried and salt fish were laid in, in large quantities, sometimes sent down by sea from London (p. 340). The servants were probably fed for the most part upon salted meat and fish. There was a large yearly outlay for salt, and the amount of " salt store '* in the shape of " powdered linges,'' haberdine, red-herrings, and other fish, was very considerable. The only vegetables which seem to have been bought were leeks and onions, to supplement the produce of the garden. Eggs entered largely into the cookery. They are a constant item. Quanti- ties were sent in payment of rent, or as tythe in kind ; and the same may be said of capons, hens, and geese. Thirty of the latter were sent regularly by "Parson Curwen," and "rent hens from Corkeby " are mentioned (p. 170). Pickled cucum- bers and capers are often procured, as also are olives. The ordinary spices were used, and lemons must have been often employed to add a zest to some choice dish. Oranges were frequently bought^ at the rate of from 8d. to Is. per dozen. Figs, raisins, dates, " marmalett of quinces," and " preserved damsons " occur. Preserved fruits, indeed, under the term of " wet sucketts " are constantly mentioned. These, and groceries generally, were brought chiefly from Newcastle. The house- steward, or his wife, or some other confidential servant, seldom * It is not a little remarkable to find that fish was sent all the way from Hartle* pool to Na worth, and scarcely less so to observe that the Northumbrian coast famished at all times the chief supply. But it would seem that there was very little enterprise on the part of those who dwelt on the shores of Cumberland with regard to sea-fishing. Camden says, "The ocean which beats upon this shore affords great plenty of the best fish, and as it were upbraids the inhabitants with their idleness, in not applying themselves closer to the fishing-trade." — Britannia (ed. Qibaon), p. 819. xlviii iKTRODUcrioK. failed to attend St. Luke's fair at that place, to lay in a stock of whatever might be required (see e. g. p. 94), But large purchases, both of groceries and other things, were made in London, sent by sea to Newcastle, from thence by boat to Newburn, and then by land-carriage to Naworth, often on the backs of pack-horses, but not unfrequently by cart or waggon. "When Lord William first resided at Naworth, wine was very sparingly used. It will be seen, in the Household Book for 1612, that it was bought in small quantities, by the quart or the gallon, the whole of the outlay for that year amounting only to 13Z. 98. 6d. In after years, when the income had considerably increased, the expenditure in wine became much more liberal. Claret and sack were then sometimes bought by the hogshead. A hogshead of the former cost from 4Z. 10s. to 61, In 1629 a tun of claret was got, for which, including the cost of shipping and " double caskinge," 21^ 2s. 10c?. was paid. Sack was more expensive, a hogshead costing 81. lOs, When bought by the gallon, claret was charged 2s., and sack from 3s. 2d. to 4s. The amount expended in wine in 1633-34 was about 75Z., after deducting the charge for vinegar, which, as bought of the wine-merchant, is entered under the head of *' Wine.'' A hogs- head of vinegar cost 81. 15s. (p. 330). The entries under the heads of *^ My Lord's parcells ^' and ** My Ladie's parcells '^ possess considerable interest. We have before us every item of apparel in which they themselves, their daughter Mrs. Mary, and their grandchildren were arrayed, as well as occasional articles of raiment for one or other of their sons. On state occasions, or visits of ceremony, the attire of my Lord and my Lady was rich and costly. My Lord employed a London tailor for the apparel he was clothed withal at such times, and there are many entries of purchases made in London of rich and expensive articles of dress by my Lady's order, and for her use, or intended to be given by her to child or grand- child. But for ordinary purposes cloth or other ^material of stronger texture and more homely character was used. My Lady, for example, often dressed in serge, and my Lord in frieze or camlet. A riding-suit for the latter cost 4Z. 9s. (p. 188). And both were satisfied with the workmanship of a oountrj INTRO DUCTION. xllX tailor^ for a tailor was usually the cutter-out and the fitter on of my Lady's gowns and bodices, as well as of my Lord's doub- lets, nether garments, and cloaks. The tailor came to the Castle, and there did his shaping and his stitching, often, probably, under my Lady's eye. His modern successor still does the like in the farm-houses of most rural districts. And many small economies were practised. M^ Lord had his stockings " footed," when too far worn for darning, and my Lady and Mrs. Mary had their gowns '' translated,'* by which is meant turning the material and making it do double service. There are other instances of old-fashioned, homely frugality. The flax for the household linen, table-cloths, napkins, and sheets, was spun at home and sent to the loom of some skilful country weaver. Even in London the housekeeper in my Lord's lodgings at Arundel House was provided with flax, so that she might occupy her spare time with the distaff (p. 146). Candles were made at home. There is an entry recording the purchase of sixteen stones of tallow bought for the purpose (p. 48), and candle-wick in proportion. Another entry tells us that rush- lights were likewise made (p. 93). Wax candles are not often mentioned, but they were also sometimes of home manufacture. An entry occurs of 31s. 3^. paid for " 26 poundes of waxe for candell, and yarne for weekes for them" (p. 331), The amusements of the inmates of the Castle were few and simple. Books, there can be no doubt, constituted the relaxa- tion of my Lord's leisure hours. Many items record his purchase of them, but unfortunately the titles are rarely given. In his latter years he seems to have taken interest in pursuits of a somewhat scientific nature, if, at least, we may deduce such an inference from the purchase of an Astrolabe, a quadrant^ and "a Booke of Dialinge" (pp. 252, 257). He was evidently curious in clocks and watches. Occasionally he bought pictures, but the prices given do not lead to the supposition that they were works of high art ; and he had portraits taken of different members of the family, by limners who can only have had a local reputation. A Mr. Barker of Newcastle is mentioned, and some are the work of a Mr. Hesketh. The latter artist appears to have been able to turn his hand to anything, for we c 1 INTRODTJCTION. find that besides painting the portraits of Mrs. Elizabeth, Mrs^ Mary, and Mr. Thomas, he mends my Lord^s closet and gilds lu- bedstead (p. 182). My Lady's favourite amusement was card- playing, and " tabells '^ (by which latter term we must under- stand draughts and backgammon), and her page, or her waiting- woman, was constantly sent to the house-steward for money when her Ladyship sat down to a game, or when she had to pay her losses. The sums varied from bs. to IO5., sometimes \L The largest stakes recorded are on occasion of her Ladyship being " at cardes with my Lord of Wallden.'' Thirty shillings were then sent for. My Lady had, however, other objects of interest. There is an entry of books bought for her (p. 161), but we are not told what they were. In her latter years she seems to have had a small dairy farm at Askerton, and cattle were bought for her at Darlington fair (p. 346). The embroidery frame was a constant resource. Gold and silver thread, silks of various hues, needles, &c., are continually bought. Embroidery silk was purchased " for S'. Francis his Lady to woork for my Lord'' (p. 162). Sometimes they called in helpers. ^^ Davy Willson's wyfe " is paid 5s. " for woorking a peticoate for Mrs. Mary" (p. 189), a payment of 10s. is made " to Mrs. Catherine the imbroderer," and another payment is entered for embroidering a crimson velvet carpet or table-cover. Companies of strolling players often came into the neighbour- hood, and their performances had the patronage of Naworth Castle. A play is acted at Brampton, and Is, 6(1. given for Mrs. Mary and the party (p. 182). Penrith and Cumcatch, the latter only a small village, were visited when the players were there. A dancer on one occasion must have given great satis- faction, for he is rewarded with 20s., whilst the actors got 10s., apparently amongst them (p. 130). Minstrels, pipers, fiddlers, and harpers, alone or in company, ** consorts of musicians," as they are called, and men with hobby-horses, often came to the Castle gates. Their appearance was probably a welcome diversion, especially to the younger members of the family, and they were never sent away empty-handed. " A blinde harper " excites my Lady's sympathy, and is gladdened by the gift of 5s. A piper played all Christmas time, for which INTRODUCTION. li he got 20^., besides a New Year's gift from my Lady of 55. (p. 314). It is needless to repeat that hunting, hawking, and perhaps fishing, formed the chief recreations of Sir Francis Howard and his brothers. To these pursuits must be added the fascina- tions of the race-course. Mention is made of Sir Francis having been at a race in Scotland, and Langomby races had attractions both for him and Mr. Charles. "The little gentlemen," their nephews, went to the race at Langomby (p. 52). Perhaps each of their uncles had entered a horse to run. The only instance, I think, of the purchase of toys is a solitary entry for "a footeball for the children '' (p.^59).* For many years very little was spent upon furniture. The making of three bedsteads at Thorn thwaite in 1612,t the bring- ing of a like number from Kirkoswald, and the purchase of some stools and chairs for Hinderskelf, are perhaps the most impor- tant items. More was laid out towards the latter part of my Lord^s life. Amongst things bought in London, in 1620, is a cabinet, with twenty-one " draw boxies," as the drawers are quaintly called, and six similar cabinets appear to have been afterwards got for my Lady (pp. 143, 146). In 1633 a costly set of ** lanskipp hanginges," or tapestry, was bought, measur- ing 148 ells, for which 44^. 8s. was paid. A yellow damask bed, adorned with embroidery, with taffety curtains, two chairs and a long cushion to match, were purchased at the same time, costing 25/. A Turkey carpet is also got^ and expensive linen damask for table-cloths and napkins (p. 326) . But no merely ornamental things occur. There is not a trace, for instance, of the purchase of such a thing as a mirror. My Lady, indeed, bought a " looking-glass ^' in 1618, for which 9s. was given, * A note was inadvertently omitted at p. 228, where " battell dores '* are men- tioned. It is possible that if cursorily read the word may be thought to have something to do with shuttle' cocJcs, and the conclusion might be come to that they were bought for the children's amusement. But these "battell dores*' were implements used in th^ laundry, for beating coarse clothes. t When the family made Thornthwaite their home for a time, bedding and plate were taken thither from Naworth (p. 182). Bedding was also taken to the house Lord William rented at Carlisle, when he went there to attend the Assizes (p. 197). c 2 Ill INTRODUCTION. but it would be for use in her own chamber, not for the embel- lishment of her withdrawing-room. There does not appear to have been much silver plate. Four- silver dishes are incidentally mentioned (p. 182), but the tabl^ service was certainly of pewter. More than one entry records the purchase of new services of the latter metal, with particulars of the number of dishes, pye and pasty plates, &c. (pp. 241, 251), and mention is made here and there of battered and worn-out pewter dishes being exchanged for new. New pewter was from Is. to 15d. a pound. Trenchers were also in use, no doubt at the servants' table. Three dozen and a half of them cost 3«. (p. 93). In later years, when the estates had become much im- proved in value, articles in silver were occasionally bought. Thus, in 1622, two little silver candlesticks are got, and " a silver forke for carvinge " (pp. 188, 200), as also a larger pair of candlesticks, which cost 10/. 17s. Six silver saucers were bought in 1628, at 5s. 6d, an ounce, and two silver flagons, on which my Lord had his arms engraved. The latter were 5s. dd. the ounce, and cost 37/. 13s. dd. In the following year we find a purchase of a dozen silver spoons, and ten silver forks (p. 265). The arms were engraven upon the latter. In 1633 a double- gilt silver cup and a paten are bought. These are charged at the rate of 8s. per ounce (p. 326). Things now regarded as comforts of the most ordinary description, even in very humble houses, were then absent from the apartments of that stately mansion. Such a thing as a floor- carpet was unknown. The hall, the great chamber, and other rooms were strewn with rushes and bent. After a time the refinement of matting was introduced. In 1624 we find it mentioned as being laid down in my Lady Philip's chamber, and also in that of Sir Francis (pp. 216, 217). From a pre- vious entry we learn that it was procured from Norfolk. Six bundles of mats, each containing six yards, and charged 18«., were sent by sea from Lynn (p. 135). Other entries, trifling in themselves, indicate much simplicity in the habits of daily life. My Lady, for example, goes down to the gate and buys lace and ribands of some travelling pack- man (pp. 122, 161). Two ''smoothing yrons and a setting INTRODUCTION. liii stick " are bought for her (p. 134), leading to the presumption that, high-bom lady though she were, she did not think it beneath her to take a part now and then in getting up her own ruffs, coifs, or pinners. Much kindly interest was taken in the home life of their humbler neighbours or dependents. When a wedding took place in the neighbourhood, it seems to have been often attended by one or other of the family. Mr. William Howard goes "to Rob. Stapleton's wedding " (p. 61), who was a farm bailiff at Corby, and ** My young Lady " is present at Jannet Armstrong's bridal (p. 182). Presents were always made on these occasions, and the children were encouraged to feel that they were taking a part in the kindly act, by having a little gift put into their hands to bestow, or by having it pre- sented in their name. Great liberality was shown in the gifts which were constantly made to children and grandchildren. My Lord, for example, makes his grandson, Mr. Bedingfield, a present of 40Z., and my Lady gives Lady Wintour a like sum (pp. 317, 318). Many other gifts are mentioned. New Year's gifts are constantly recorded. But these gifts were not confined to children or near kindred, for friend and neighbour were remembered also. If economy was a characteristic of the Lord and Lady of Naworth, it never degenerated into parsimony. Frugality was in their case the parent of munificence. With all this generosity and kindly feeling it would have been strange indeed if we had not found frequent mention of almsgiving. It was a virtue in which neither Lord William nor my Lady were lacking. When either of them left the Castle for some temporary absence, a crowd of poor people gathered at the gate to bid them God-speed on their journey, whilst others awaited them at some turn of the road, and they were never unrelieved. Many acts of charity to individuals are mentioned, especially on the part of my Lady, of whom it might be truly said, Manum suam aperuit inopi, et palmar mas extendit adpauperem. No distinction seems to have been made between Catholic and Protestant, for old Mr. Warwick, the vicar of Brampton, who seems to have been in a chronic state of impe- cuniosity, often received substantial assistance from my Lord. liv INTRODUCTIOl^. On one occasion he has a loan of 20Z. " to redeeme him from the Pursivantes^ handes*^ (p. 338). It is somewhat touching to read of the old Vicar sending his little present of '* young ducks and peascodds," and again of " peascodds and honie combes," as a humble tribute in return for the kindnesses he had so often received (p. 318). Some of the festivals of the Church were usually marked by almsgiving, especially St. Martin's Day* and the festival of SS. Simon and Jude, the latter being the anniver- sary of the marriage of Lord William and the Lady Elizabeth. On the return of the anniversary in 1628, alms were given to fifty-two poor people, by my Lady's command. The number of the recipients corresponded with her entrance upon the fifty-second year of her married life (p. 247). Other old customs, relics of a bygone age, still lingered on. funeral doles were always given. A dole of 3Z. was distributed when my Lady Francis was buried, whose death took place under peculiarly distressing circumstances (see p. 227 n,). Lesser doles were given at the funerals of two young grandchildren. Travelling was a tedious and costly aflFair in those days. The expenses of my Lord's journeys to London will be found duly entered. The route was by way of Bowes. The road over Stanemoor was doubtless rugged enough, but it was passable for wheeled carriages. On one occasion Sir Francis, "belnge 81 ck,^' hired a coach for his journey from London to Bowes, which cost 18/. At the latter place my Lord^s coach met him and brought him home (p. 335) . It seems to have been a usual thing to send the coach some distance to meet members of the family who were on their way to Na worth. It was sent (as we read on the last cited page) as far as Ferrybridge, to meet Mr. Thomas Bedingfield and his wife, and several years previously an entry tells us that it went as far as Appleby, to meet Mrs. Howard (p. 181). Lord William's journeys to London were always taken on horseback^ and he was generally ten or eleven days on the road, the travelling expenses varying, according to the number * St. Martin's Day was probably regarded as an appropriate one for the giTUig of alms, on account *of that Saint's singular charity to the poor. The oft-repeated story of liis dividing his cloak with a beggar narrates a weil-known incident in his life. INTRODUCTION. Iv of his retinue, and the directness of the route taken. A journey by way of Shiffnal and Lydney occupied eleven days, and cost 801. 17s. Id,, whilst the expenses of another, from Thorn thwaite to London, with twenty-four men and twelve horses in his train, came to 201. 15s. M (pp. 268, 148). Other entries give lesser amounts. The mention of a coach occurs in the earliest Book, and it appears to have been always in use, though evidently at times imder difficulties, as when we find an item for " hewing a way for the coach beyond Gelt bridge " (p. 228). A coach and four horses, bought in 1624, cost 30/. (p. 223). When my Lady went to pay formal visits to Rose Castle, or some other great mansion, she doubtless went in her coach in all due state, but on other occasions it is more than probable that she preferred the less dignified, but also less jolting, mode of locomo- tion called double-horse. The mention of her " dubble gelding,'* and of the " mending my Ladye's pileon-cloth," shows that it was a way of moving about which was not unfrequently adopted (pp. 196, 230). A few of the prices of difierent items have already been cursorily mentioned. To bring this part of the subject more conveniently before the reader's attention, a classified summary of prices, wages of labourers, &c., will be subjoined to this In- troduction. A word, nevertheless, ought perhaps to be said here with reference to a question which naturally suggests itself, viz., what amount, in modern currency, is represented by the money of that time ? I am disposed to think that, if we take 4 A the multiple, we shall probably arrive at an approximation to our present standard. The price of ordinary labour must at all times be an exponent of the value of the circulating medium. Food, clothing, and shelter have to be provided out of the money a man receives in return for his work. During the period covered by these Household Accounts, an ordinary labourer received 6d. a day. This was apparently the wage commonly given in the Northern counties. It was given in Yorkshire in 1641, as we learn from Best's Farming Book (Pub. Surtees Soc), p. 140. Now if we multiply his week's pay of 3s. by 4, we get 12s., and for a long series of years, until the recent unsettled state of the labour-market, the latter sum might be said to Ivi INTRODUCTION. be, in the North of England, an ordinary wage for a week'a labour. Again, we meet with items which tell us the annuaL rent of a cottage. Two cottages in Brampton were let for 5». a year each (p. 275), but these must have been very poor dwellings. One of a better class in Little Corby was let for 15«. a year (p. 281). This sum represents a weekly payment for house-rent of S^d. ; and if we take the average rent of a labourer's cottage now, in a country district where there is no abnormal demand for house accommodation, we shall find that it bears something like the same relative proportion to his week's wages as the rent demanded in the 17th century did to those of his pre- decessor. The same thing holds good, to a great extent, as regards the prices of cattle, horses, sheep, &c. There are, no doubt, occasional anomalies and discrepancies, for at all periods circumstances will arise which give a more or less fictitious value to certain commodities. I do not think the price of wheat, during the period before us, can be taken as a factor in any calculations grounded upon the amount of wages received by the labourer. Its deamess must have placed it completely out of his reach as an article of daily consumption. There can be little doubt that oatmeal was then the chief food of a Cam- brian labourer and his family, as indeed it has continued to be, to a great extent, down to the present day. The price of the precious metals, it will be observed, was at that time very highi (see ante, p. lii). Dr. Whitaker remarks upon this with reference to the Inventory of Henry Lord Clifford in 1572, where silver plate is mentioned as costing 5s. id, and 5s. 2d, per ounce, — % price which he considered as equal to 20s. of our present money. {Huit. Craven, p. 331). Some prominent features in Lord William's character have already been noted. We have seen him rendering essential benefits to the country around him by the vigour and determina- tion with which he grappled with proved abuses, and tanght his wild neighbours on the border, by many a sharp lesson, to have a wholesome fear of the law. And we have seen him also as the sagacious and careful administrator of large possessions, and as the vigilant head of a great household. Qenere nobiUs, manu INTRODUCTION. Ivii prompttASy ardorem animi vultu oculisque prceferens,^ he was singularly qualified to be a ruler of men. But he has another claim to remembrance which is not always associated with the qualities which have been indicated. He was a man of great learning and culture. From an early period of life he delighted in surrounding himself with books, and his chiefest pleasure was derived from the society and conversation of the most learned men of his time. Whilst still a young man, he published an edition of Florence of Worcester's Chronicle, which he dedicated to the great Lord Burlegh. The Dedication and Address to the Keader are given in the Appendix as specimens of his scholar- ship (pp. 410-11). Even at that early period of his life, limited as his resources must have been, burdened as he was by the expenses of the long litigation in which he was perforce involved, he contrived to gather round him a library which was even then sufficiently extensive to attract attention. Camden (Pref. Scripta Anglica) speaks of him as publishing Florence of Worcester e bibliothecd sua quam habet instructissimam. With Camden and Sir Robert Cotton his friendship was close and in- timate, drawn yet closer by the love which was borne by each to ** hoar Antiquity." He transmitted Roman stones to adorn Sir Robert's collection of antiquities, and made sketches, with his own hand, of others, for the illustration of Camden's great work, an obligation which the latter does not fail to acknowledge. f Lord William was probably one of the original members of that first-formed Society of Antiquaries, which, owing to some timid suspicion on the part of James I. as to its ulterior objects, had but a brief existence. He is mentioned in an anonymous proposal made for establishing in its room an " Academy Royal, * These are the words by which Peregrine Bertie, Lord Willoughby, is tersely characterized (Johnson Her, Brit. Hist., p. 329). He was son of Charles Brandon, Dnke of Suffolk, by his fourth wife, sole daughter and heir of William, Lord WiUonghby of Eresby. They may be not inaptly applied to Lord William Howard. t Sed hoc et ad Castle-steedes, id est, Castri locus ; uti ad Trederman adjunctum repertsB fnerunt hsB inscriptiones quas mihi sua manu descripsit honoratissimus Dominus Guilielmus Howard de Naworth, illustrissimi ThomsQ Duels Norfolcisa filins tertio-genitus, venerandsQ vetustatis cultor eximius et eruditus. — Camden, Britannia, p. 642 (ed. 1607). Iviii INTRODUCTION. or CoUedge of King James." The proposal was addressed to the Marquis of Buckingham. It mentions the names of deceased members, and those of "living persons fit to keep up and celebrate that Round Table, whose names," says the writer, "I have seen quoted, and heard oftentimes cited as authoritative." Lord William Howard's name occupies the first place. " Pro- found Judge Doderich *' is amongst them, and many eminent and well-known scholars, such as Sir Henry Spelman, Selden, and others (ArchcBologia, I. pp. xv — xix). He was a friend and correspondent of Spelman. In a letter from the latter to Palaemon Rosecrantz, Danish ambassador at the Court of England, dated 14 Cal. Maij, 1629, he makes men- tion of Lord William as follows (after giving a fac-simile of the inscription to which he refers) : — '' Sculpta fait bsBc inscriptio Epistylio crucis lapidese, Beacastri partibus AngUe borealibus (ubi Dani plurimum versabantur), Camdenoque et mihi simul exhibitft Anno Domini 1618, ab Antiquitatum inter Proceres AnglisB peritissimo Dn. Guilielmo Howard, novissimi Ducis NorfoleisB filio. Uabetur et ex eodem tracto, sub Brigantibus CumbcrlandisB in Camdeni Britannid, Uteris aliqaot magis obsoletis et exoticis alia inscriptio (Daniea reor) quam utramque intueator, cnpio vester Mystagogus Wormius, exponcnsque vel alterutrum erit mihi magnuf Apollo." — Olai Wormii et ad eum doctorum Virorum BpistoUe, ^c. (Havnue^ 1751), i., p. 426. He is mentioned also by Archbishop Usher, with reference to a collation which the Archbishop had made of the Letters of Aldhelm, Abbot of Malmesbury, concerning which he says, — "Ex quatuor antiquissimis codicibus descripta, quorum primum suppeditaTit mihi nobilissimus Dominus Guilielmus Howardus de Naworth, secundum JX Robertus Cottonus, tcrtiura Thomas Alanus, Oxoniensis, et ex Begii Bibliothedt quartura amicissimus Patricias Junius." — Veterum Spistolarum Sibemicarum Syllogey ^c. (Dublin, 1632), p. 129. The interest taken by Lord William in Roman antiquities very great. There was much in his case to foster a taste for that particular branch of archaeology. Living, as he did, ckM to the great military rampart which stretched across the island^ the whole neighbourhood teemed with Eoman. altars and inscribed stones. The rock of Gelt, with its deeply chiselled letters^ and Amboglanna, or Birdoswald, one of the most impor- tant stations on the line of the great wall^ were both within a INTRODUCTION. Ux eliort distance of NawortL A collection of altars and inscrip- tions, chiefly from Amboglanna, was formed by Lord William They were still to be seen when Stukeley visited Na worth, and made this note concerning them : — *' In the gardens are many altars and inscriptions. I copied all these tolerably fair. With much regret I saw these noble monuments quite neglected and exposed ; some cut in half to make gate-posts " {Iter Boreale, p. 68). .Eventually they became dispersed. Gough's additions to the Britannia tell us that they were given " by the late Earl [of Carlisle] to Sir Thomas Robinson [his brother-in-law, and at that time proprietor of the Rokeby estate]^ and are now neglected and abused in the Museum at Rokeby, the seat of Bacon Morritt, Esq.** (Vol. III. p. 4591). Dr. Bruce has gathered together all the particulars attainable respecting the altars, &c., formerly at Na worth, in his Lapidarium SeptentrionaU, pp. 176 — 178, 197 — 199. Several of the Roman inscriptions now at Netherby formed part of Lord William's collection. Nothing of any value now remains at Naworth. " An altar,^' says Dr. Bruce, " which is quite illegible, and a slab which exhibits the semblance of a letter or two, are still to be seen in the garden walls at Naworth '* (p. 176). Another small inscribed stone is " built into the side-wall of the farm-house fronting the entrance into Naworth Castle (Ibid. p. 197). A few Roman stones are pre- served in a crypt at Lanercost, but it is " uncertain whence they came, and where they were found '^ {Trans, Cumb. and Westm. Antiq, 8oc, No. I. p. 44). Whether any of Lord William's family sympathized with his love of literature, or shared in this deep interest with which he regarded antiquities generally, and these relics of Roman rule in particular, we know not ; but there was one inmate, at least, of Naworth Castle, who was of congenial tastes and pur- suits, like-minded in religion, a scholar and a gentleman — Mr. Nicholas Roscarrock, himself also a friend and correspondent of Camden and Sir Robert Cotton. The particulars which I have been able to gather respecting Mr. Roscarrock will be found in the Addenda (A. p. 505). There must have been at one time a large collection of MSS. at Naworth Castle. Some, in all probability, belonged to the Ix INTRODUCTION. Dacres, but the larger portion were doubtless gathered together by Lord William. They are now hopelessly scattered, and with the exception of some which form a part of the Arundel col- lection in the Library of the College of Arms, and a very small number which have been preserved at Naworth Castle and Castle Howard, it seems impossible to ascertain into whose hands they have fallen, or when they were dispersed. A Cata- logue of the Arundel MSS. was printed in 1829 by the late Sir C. G. Young, Garter King of Arms. Some of them, chiefly historical, are identified as having belonged to Lord William Howard, either by his autograph, or by marginal notes in his hand. Whether Lord William gave them to his nephew, the Earl Marshal, or whether the latter obtained them after his uncle's death, is matter of uncertainty. The Cartularies of Brinkburn, Lanercost, and Holme Cultram, of the House of the Carmelites at Alnwick, of Hepp in Westmorland, and of the Priory of Wetheral, and the Rotulum Abhatice de Novo MofUK^ terioy in Northumberland, are all said to be ^^ penes Dm W. Howard de Naworth,*^ when Dodsworth made his collections from them in 1638. When Hutchinson wrote his History of Cumberland he mentions the Register of Lanercost as being then preserved in the Library at Naworth (i. p. 137). There can be little doubt that these last-mentioned MSS. came into Lord William's hands from the Dacres. They have all dis- appeared, with the exception of the Rotulum of Newminster, which is now at Castle Howard.* Not long anterior to 1697 a considerable number of MSS. were still remaining in the Naworth Library, as we learn firom a Catalogue published in that year (see Appendix, p. 469). Of these a very small number can now be accounted for. Some of those which have been preserved are at Castle Howard, and some in their original resting-place at Naworth (see pp. 484, 486). A number of printed books still remain in Lord William's Library at Naworth, a list of which is given in the Appendix * It was reacquired by the late Lord Carlisle, after having been long in otfaw hands, and has recently been published by the Surtees Sodety, under the aUt editorship of the Rev. J. T. Fowler, M.A., F.S.A. See his Introdoction to the volume, p. xi, n. :i (pp. 473 et seqq.). They indicate, in aome degree, the direction whict hia studiee took. Cootroversial theology and history Beem to occupy the chief pkce. Genealogy and heraldry were also favourite subjects. One thing is very evident. He was not a mere book -collector. Jloat of the MSB., especially those in the College of Arms, which are known to have belonged to him, and very many of the printed books at Nawortb, bear frequent marks of a diligent and careful perusal, indicated by the a<l- teraaria in bis hand which appear upon their pages. The last item in the Household Books which in any way connects Lord William with literary work is an entr}', sab- Kequent to his death, of a payment made by hia sons for " the printinge of S. Marie of Egipt her life {by my Lord's command) invearse" (p. 363), Dr. Knox has suggested to me that it may be an English version of the Metrical (Latin) Life of the iSaint which is given in Acta Sitndoruni (Aprilis), p. 85, headed ■' Paraphrosis Metrica Auctore Hildeberto Epiec. Cenomanensi. Ex veteri noatro MS, Auglicano." It is not at all improbable that its rendering into English may have been executed by my Lord himself. Its composition may have haply relieved the tedium of some weary hours when the infirmities of uge hegan to lay their heavy hand upon him. The book was not printed at Douay, as Lowndes s\ipposed. It does not occur in the Bibliographie Dovamenne, &c., des livres imprimes a Douai depuis I'annee 1563 jusqn'a nos joura: par H. R. Dutbillieul. JV'ourelle edition, Douai, 1842. A word must be said about Lord William's religion. The Duke of Norfolk, bis father was a Protestant, and bis children were brought up in the same faith, although, as has already been said, some impressions of an opposite character may have been produced on their minds by their tutor, Gregory Martin (see ante, p. ix). Ilowcver this may be, Lord Arundel, the eldest son, was reconciled to the Church of Rome in 1584, by Father William Weston, S.J. Lord Arundel was strongly attached to his half-brother, Lord William, and was earnestly desirous that they should be united in the bonds of a common creed, as well as by the tie of fraternal affection. His influence and arguments prevailed, and ere long the latter took the Ixii INTRODUCTION. same step. Like most who belonged to, or who adopted, the ancient faith, he had his share of persecution at the hands of Elizabeth. It was often of a petty and harassing nature. Spies and informers were always at work in search of anything which might serve their turn. A declaration is made, for example, by George Lawe, &c., that Lady Arundel and Lady Margaret Sackville attended mass at Lord William Howard's house (S. P. Dom. Eliz. clxiv. 48) ; whilst another person writes that a priest came to the Earl of Arunders house to teach French to Lord William and others (S. P. Dom. Add. Eliz. xxxi. 97). His imprisonments have already been noticed. But he re- mained unshaken in his allegiance to the church of his adoption. We find him joining a pilgrimage to St. Winifred's Well, in 1629 (p. 462), and in the same year an attempt was made to convict him of recusancy (pp. 461-62). His wife was of the. same faith, and the alliances formed by their children were with members of old Catholic houses. Some of them seem to have been objects of suspicion on the score of their religion. There is a payment to " Farrington the informer," for costs incurred by Mr. William and his wife (p. 234), and the name of " S^ Francis Howard, Knt., lodger in Tuttle Streete, in Westminster," occurs in an elaborate re- turn of the names, callings, and abodes of recusants in West- minster, sent in to the Privy Council in December, 1628 (S. P. Dom. Charles I. cxxiii. 12). Mr. Robert, one of the . younger sons, became, as has been already mentioned, a . Benedictine monk. Little or nothing can be gathered from the Household Books as regards the religion of the household. There must always . have been a priest at Naworth, but the penal laws were so . severe that it would be a thing studiously concealed. The only ■> book from which we can infer anything is that for 1633, in which several anonymous payments are marked with the sign of the cross, and as similar amounts occur in conjunction with Mr. Hungate's* name, who was certainly the chaplain at the time of * There were three of this name — all BencdictiDes. It is impoBuble to Mj " which was chaplain at Naworth, though we may fairly assume that one of tlMm i filled the office. Dom Augustine Uungate was professed at Montserrat in Spafai | INTRODOCTION. klU Lord William's death, we may perhaps cooclade that they were made by way of stipend to the priest. It may be mentioned as a habit of Lord WiUiara that he almost invariably prefixed the Bign of the cross to his letters, and occasionally to other dooa- menta. The last of the Household Books (1640) contains some intereating entries in connexion with the closing days of Lord William's life. " My Lord's parcells " occupy as usual the first [bee amongst the disburaements. The entries under this head BTB few and unimportant, until we come to the last. With an unconscious irony, which would be almost grotesque, were it not for the touch of pathos which attaches to it, the closing item, dated October 7, is "for a coffinc for my Lord " (p. 350), thus briefly telling us that his long and honourable life was ended, JMt about a twelvemonth after the death of the Lady Elizabeth his wife. For some time before Lord William's death the country wag in a very unquiet state. The Scotch army Had advanced into England. After the battle of Newbum, on the 28th August, 1640, in which the Scotch gained the day, an idea appears to have prevailed that the victory would be followed up by the Bdvance of their army towards Carlisle. If this took place, it was evidently feared that an attempt would be made to seize Jfaworth Castle, and preparations were at once made to defend it at all hazards. Valuables were hastily removed from thence, ' and from Lord William's other mansion oi' Corby, and forwarded to Greystock, as a place unlikely to he attiicked. " A wagou before lfil9. He was Provincial of York, 1633.49. nail «s(iin from 1653 to 1657; Prcbulent-Geueral of tlie English Bencdietiues, IfiGl.fiO, nnd died, aged 88, " at the house of hia niece, Ladj Fairfax, in Yorkshire, having given singular eiainplc of piety and virtue to all with whom he conversed." A brother of his, Diim Kobert, also became a monk in Spain, and is spoken of ns a " zealoua mis. iioner in England." He died Oet. 18, 1657. A third of the name, Dom Gregory, was one of the first mouks professed at St. Gregory's at Douay in IGIO. A con- temporary aeconiit of him ^aj9, ■' Vixil posfea aliquot aaaas ia saer,i ttde S, Grefforii, theoloffvs et aacrtsta Ecclesiw, T'ipit adhuc presbyter tn A.BgIiiE missionit lahoriiui inientui ; vW pisa el detottu." In 1653 lie was cliosen Provincial of Tork, but dying in the North on Sept. 4tb of tbat year, he was Buccee<led by Dom Angustine above.mcntionod. I am indebted for this informntioii about the Hun- urates to Father Gilhcrt Dolan, O..S.U. of St. Gngory'a College, Dowubidc. Ixiv INTRODUCTION. load of stuffe/* and " a trunck with evidences " were taken thither from Naworth, and cartloads of " bedding and evi- dences *' from Corby. Provisions were also sent to Greystock, apparently in considerable quantities. An outlook was kept at Naworth, and the services of those who kept watch and ward were duly recognized (see pp. 355, 359). There is something very pathetic in one or two entries which tell us of Lord William's last exit from the gates of Nawortli. The hand was now powerless to wield the sword which would once have leaped from its scabbard like the lightning's flash in the cause of his Royal Master. His day of active exertion was past, how urgent soever might be the occasion which demanded it. His strength was gone, and his life-work over. His state must indeed have been one of great debility, certainly of bodji possibly of mind.* He was obviously unable to mount a horse or to bear the jolting of a carriage ; for we find that he was borne away in a horse-litter and conveyed to Corby on the 22nd September. Here he rested for the night. On the day follow- ing he was carried to Greystock, and there, on or about the 7th October, he breathed his last. The entries in this Book quite dispose of the tradition that Lord William died of the plague. It is clear that he sank from natural decay, accelerated, as we may well believe, by his hasty departure from Naworth, and the turmoil and unwonted bustle by which he must have been surrounded. All doubt is removed, moreover, as to the place of his sepul- ture. At Greystock Castle he died, and in Greystock Church he found a grave. We have the amount of the funeral dole, the money paid to " five menne for ringinge the bells in Grey- stock church at my Lord's buriall," and the sum divided amongst '^ eight menne for takeinge up a marble stone '' in the same churchy and "makeinge a grave ther for my Lord" (p. 354). A few words must now be said respecting the stately boild* ing which, for nearly forty years, was Lord William's home. * Some vain attempts seem to have been made to restore failing appetite, and thereby to recruit wasted strength. Lord Fairfax sends him conserve of primfoai^ \ and herbs are got to mix with my Lord's beer (pp. 854> 859). ] i INTRODUenON. llT It was the home of hia choice, the place which he was never weary of improTing and adorning. The Caatlo of Naworth (or Naward, as it v/aa uniformly written at the period with which we are concerned) formed one of a chain of fortresses, of greater or lesser size and strength, which studded the English border from Bortt-ick on the east, to Carlisle and Drumburgh Castle on the west. They had been t needed for centuries to bridle the power and restrain the incur- of the Scots. Of these fortresses Naworth was not one of the least important. As a fortified residence of the Lords of the Barony of Gilsland, it dates from the earlier part of Edward III. 'a reign, a licence having been granted by that Sovereign, in 1335, to Eanulph de Dacre to crcnellato hia man- lion of Naward, of which he had become possessed by his marriage with Margaret de Mnlton. Irthington Castle waa previously the chief abode of the Lords of Gilsland, and it is raid that some of the materials of that fortress were removed by Eanulph de Dacre when he was building Naworth, and were I employed in its erection. However that may be, no part of the fabric at Naworth can be very much earlier than the time when he obtained his Kcence to crenellate, unless it be the south- western tower, which is clearly the oldest portiou, the groining of its lower apartments belonging probably to the thirteenth century. There is no trace of Nonnan architecture about the Castle, which is of the Edwardian type, an irregular quadrangle, with square towers at the angles. The Castle is beautifully situated on the declivity of a hill which slopes towards the Irthing. The particular position which it occupies was chosen with great military skill, and before the daj-s of artillery the fortress must have been, on three of its sides, practically unassailable. The ledge of level L ground on which it stands is a tongue of land formed by the Castle-beck on the East, and a little streamlet on the West, which unite at its apex and flow into the Irthing, The banks of these streams, as they approach their point of junction, hecome exceedingly steep and precipitous, and the walls of the Castle rise from the summit of a natural escarpment of rock and cliff, formed by the sides of the ravines down which their d Ixvi INTRODUCTION. waters flow. The southern portion of the building had origi- nally an outwork, or barbican, protected by a wide moat, the course of which is traceable in the existing garden. The gate- house and a low square tower are all that remain of the exterior defences. The gate-house must have had a portcullis and a drawbridge, but no trace is left of either. Its archway hai evidently been subjected to modern repair and restoration. A range of low buildings, probably used as stables, flanked these towers on either side. These buildings were taken down when j the late Lord Carlisle restored the Castle, after the fire in 1844. *= The whole of this outwork was probably built by Thomas, Loid Dacre, after his marriage with Elizabeth, the Lady of Gray- stock. The letters T. D., with the scallop of the Dacre betweea them, and E. D., the initials of his wife, are carved on tbft weather moulding of the battlemented parapet of the eastern- most tower. Over the arch of the entrance gateway a shield of arms is carved, above which is a boldly projecting helmet and mantling, surmounted by the Dacre bull as a crest. The shield ^ contains the arms of Dacre, gules, three escallops, argent, qiuuv -^ tering Vaux, MultoD, and MorvilL* The supporters are two i gryphons : the motto, fort en loialte. The removal of the L buildings which adjoined this gate-house and the tower beyond, - and formed an outer court-yard to the main building, is mnoh ; to be regretted. Buck's stiff but accurate view of the Castle, P published in 1739, shows the arrangement as it originallj ';,. existed. The range of long low buildings on either side, with their grey stone roofs, lichen-covered and weather-stained, must have given dignity and elevation to the towers of the barbioaa, as well as additional picturesqueness of effect, in the way thej ;is must have grouped with the mass of the Castle behind. \ The exterior of the structure has happily escaped modem J' restoration. The long line of the southern front, flanked by ^ its two stately towers, is very striking. The architecture of tht i^ upper stages of these towers belongs to the time of Thomaa Lord Dacre, by whom they were no doubt added. The gard$» V' * The tinctures are, Vaux, chequy, or and gules. MuUon, barry of and gules, on a canton of the second a lion passant or. MorvUl, atare^ lem^ 4f fleurs-de-lis and fretted or. i- .SA INTRODUCTION. robes may be observeii from the outside, corbelled out and pro- jecting froni the back part of each tower. The tower at the ■western angle ia called by Hudson Turner (Som. Arch. ii. p. 211) "the Chancellor's Tower," I am not aware of any authority for this name. In the Household Books it is some- times designated the Old Tower, sometimes the Carlisle Tower. The corresponding one at the eastern angle ia known as " Belted Will's " Tower, containing as it does his library, oratory, &c. The walls of these towers are of enormous thick- ness. They are very lofty, with bartizans, or warders' turrets, rising above the battlements. The outlook from these is very extensive. The "Waste of Bewcastle, dreary and desolate, lies to the north. On one side are the dusky hills of Scotland, on the other those of Tynedale and Redeadale in Northumberland. The rich and pleasant valley of the Ii'thing stretches from east to west at the foot of the Castle walls, whilst immediately around lie the home grounds, the grey walls of the garden, with its rectangular green-sward walks, little altered, probably, Miee Lord William enclosed and laid it out ; a straight umbrageous walk beyond it, which he ia said to have planted, and which bears his name, the wooded ravines which skirt the Castle walls, and the park beyond, diversified by masses of woodland and scattared groups of venerable trees.* In the centre of the southern face of the Castle a low-browed archway gives access to the Inner Court, or quadrangle. Over this entrance is a carving in stone of Lord William's escocheon, with a number of quarteringa.f The configuration of the Inner * In ao Inqnisition of 31 Eliz. the Park of Nnworth is said to contain " by eetimBtion CR acres, it ie very barreo lande, there ia in it a great store of o\de oke vood, which is worth, if tho same Acre presently sold about cc''. There are no deare In the said parks, for they were all wasted and destroyed long sithence." t The qnarteringfl are as follow ; — 1. Howard. 2. Fitton. Azure, three cinque- foils, p er ed ar^ at 3 Bo a Erm ne a cross sable. 4. Scalet. Gnles, six escallops argent 5 Teiid nge Aiure a fc a between two chevrons a:^nt. 6. UowbTag Gules a 1 on rampant ai^nt armed and langued azure. 7. Albany. Gnles, a 1 on rampant r 8 ^eqrane ^abl a lion rampant argent, crowned or. 9. Bigot Party pe pal or and vert a lion rampant gules. 10. Brotherton. Gules, three 1 ons pasaaot guardant or a label of three points argent. IL ■cb ay Galea a 1 on rampant argent lu Richard, Earl of Arundel Barry of itoraiidgnlea. 13. Albany. Gnles, a lion rampant or. 14 Lupus. Sable, a ivolFs d erased ai^nt. 15. Earl of Chester. Azure, three garbs or 16. Woodmie, d 2 Ixviii INTRODUCTION. Court, and the disposition of the various apartments on the principal floor, as they were left by Lord William Howard, and as they remained until the fire, will be best imderstood bj reference to the Plan given herewith. The extensive renovatioi which was necessitated by that untoward event has deprivec the quadrangle of the venerable air of antiquity which mark the outward walls and gives to their aspect such a peculia fascination. The muUions and tracery of the oriel window, an of the other windows of the great hall, as indeed of almoe every window which opens upon the quadrangle, are new insei tions, and the walls have been to some extent refaced. Bi Mr. Salvin, to whom the work of the restoration was intrastHl carefully worked upon the old lines. He found that ahndi every window had been inserted in the course of Lord WiUiaAj renovations, and their characteristic Jacobean type has bol faithfully reproduced. A portion of the side of the qaadr8i||[| opposite to the great hall was formerly filled up by a blodt^^ buildings, probably the work of Lord William, marked A^ •] C, and G, on the Plan. These have been taken down, and-lil original curtain wall, which completed the enclosure on Uu side, exposed to view. The great gateway which gives entnni from the west is of the same date as this wall. A flight < steps leads up to the doorway of the great hall. Over this all Lord William placed his shield, impaling the arms and qua terings of Dacre. The hall is very lofty. An oaken roof i good character, resting on corbels bearing shields, which she the various alliances of the family, has replaced the anciei roof which Lord William brought from Kirkoswald, the pane of which, says Sandford, contained " the great portraiture i King Brute .... and of all his succeeding successors, Kinj of England, portraicted to the waist, their visage, hats, feather garbs, and habits." Lord William built a partition wall acroi the upper end of the hall, for the formation of a dining-rooD marked M on the Plan. It is probably the apartment so ofte Argent, a fess and a dexter canton gules. 17. Maltravers, Sable, a fret or. 18. Clm Argent, a chief azure. 19. Warren, Cliequy, or and azure. 20. Tilnetf, Argen a chevron between three gryphons' heads erased gules. 21. Mochfart. Quarter] or and gules within a bordure sable bezants. 22. Thorpe, of Norfolk, Azure, thn crescents argent. Supporters. Two lions argent. Motto, TOLO NOK talso. N.B. The ^rtCen ieft unshaded hohs Oe^t siit'Ct: £a£tn- ciown. UN OF THE PRINCIPAL FLOOR OF NAWOBTH CASTLE. INTRODDCTION. !»!» ulled in tte Household Booka " the great chamber." There nmfit also have been a room above it. With great good taste the hall has been restored to its original proportions, and the space occupied by the " great chamber" again forma the daia. At the lower extremity of the hall there was formerly a screen, surmounted by a gallery, the position of which is marked on Ibe Plan. It was " adorned," says Hutchinson, " with four vast crests, carved in wood" {Sist. Cumb. i. p. 134), which, laving escaped destruction at the time of the fire, still adorn tb hall, though in a different position. The screen and galleify fere not renewed. IVTiat Hutchinson calls "crests," are the cognizances of the Dacre and the Greystocb, which originally, perhaps, formed the supporters of two large shields, emblazoned »itk their respective bearings. The red bull and the gryphon of Dacre are now on either side of the great fire-place, and the dolphin and black bull of Greystock flank the doorway leading to the kitchen, all holding pennons with armorial insignia. A ioit of armour, said to have belonged to Lord "William, atands »t the lower end of the hall. The hall is hung with tapestry brought from Castle Howard, from whence were also brought many of the portraits which now adorn its walls. The fire destroyed many of great interest, eBpecially one of Lord William Howard, and an original picture of Lady Elizabeth Dacre, taken at the time of her marriage. A replica of this is at Gilling Castle, a photograph of which illustrates this volume. Amongst the few paintings rescued from the flames is one at the lower extremity of the hall, which has long been called Queen Elizabeth. I can scarcely accept ihia tradition. The style of the dress gives it a sort of general resemblance to the Queen, but the face is not that of Elizabeth ; and moreover the lady, whoever she may be, bears a crucifix in one hand and a lighted taper in the other. It is utterly unhkely, at the date when this portrait must have been painted, that Elizabeth would be represented with adjuncts so directly associated in the minds of the people with the Homish faith. It is equally unlikely that she would give her portrait to any of llie Howards, and as improbable that Lord William would possess himself of one. An idea suggested itself to my mind 1 Ixx INTRODUCTION. that it is more likely to be a portrait of the Lady Elizabeth his wife, taken some time after their marriage. It would be natural enough for her to be represented with crucifix and taper, and her dress would of course be that of the period. Very shortly after one of my visits to Naworth I had an oppor- tunity of carefully studying her portrait at Gilling Castle, and I became strengthened in my impression respecting the picture at Naworth. The likeness between the two, allowing for the difference in age, is very remarkable. I can only offer my idea as a conjecture, but I venture to think it is not altogether an improbable one, and if there be but a reasonable presumptioiL that it is the portrait of the Lady of Naworth, its interest to her descendants at once becomes wonderfully enhanced. The apartments now used as the drawing-room and libraiy occupy the spaces marked on the Plan by the letters P, Q, K, S, and T, the latter of which was the Chapel, which receiyed much adornment at Lord William's hand. The whole of this . side of the court-yard, as well as the hall, was gutted by the fire, though the walls were little injured. Above these apart- ;; ments, the gallery, which was Lord William's work, extends -^ aloDg the central block of the building, looking out to the 5 south. At its eastern end it communicates by a newel stair - with the library, oratory, and bedroom, which occupy the upper ^ stage of " Belted Will's " Tower. These remain very much in their original state, having been uninjured by the fire. An oaken door, of great strength, with massive bars and bolts, pro- 1 tects the entrance to these rooms. The library still contains a \ portion of the books and MSS. which Lord William collected^ ; The windows are unaltered. They are very small and narrow. ; The roof is very beautiful. It is of low pitch. " The timbers," < says Hudson Turner, " are exceedingly strong and massive^ but both principals, wall-plate, and rafters are beautifully moulded .| with characteristic fourteenth-century mouldings, and with ^j extremely well executed foliage of the same date at the intei^ ^ sections, but it is to be regretted that the bosses, which must i have been of the same character, and have added greatly to its rich effect, have been lost or destroyed. The panels between are filled with tracery . of various design and consideraUs ISTKOUUCTION. Ixxj variety. It ie, however, evident that the roof was not originally intended for its present situation, as it does not fit the cornice of the room, and it has douhtlesa been brought from some other place" {l)om. Arch. ii. p. 211). It came, as we have already seen, from Kirkoawald. In the oratory is a painting, dated 1514, It has the Crucifixion in the centre, with the scourging on one side and the Reaurreetion on the other. A large chest stands here, intended probably for boots or vestments. It is adorned with the crosa-crosslets fitche of the Howard and the Dcallop sheila of the Dacre, on a red ground. The shield of Howard impaling Dacre is carved on the face of a stone corbel, showing unmistakably that Lord "William had a hand in the restoration of this part of the building. There is a bit of old panelling, beautifully decorated in colours, with the scallop shell and ragged staff intertwined with true-lover's knots Several earrings in alabaster, said to have come from Kirkoswald, are attached to the walls. They must have formed part of a reredoa or screen. Amongst them is a representation of the Ancient of Days holding a crucifix, a figure of our Blessed Lord, and one of the Blcssod Virgin crowned, with a. sword piercing her breast. There is also one representing .her Assumption, and another which may be either St. Michael or St. George, The bedroom adjoining has a large stone mantle- piece, the armorial bearings carved on which identify this upper stage of the Tower as the work of Thomas Lord Dacre. The central shield, within the Garter, has the arms of Dacre, quartering Vaux, Multon, and Morvill, with the motto fort et LOIAXL. On the right of this is a shield of the ancient arms of Greystock, gules, three cushions argent, impaling Grimthorpe, or new Greystock, barry of six argent and azure, three chaplets gules. On the left is another shield, with the arms of Boteler, gules, a fess chequy, argent and azure, between six crosses patte fitche or, impaling Ferrers, vairy, or and gulea. The lower stages of this Tower are occupied by the dungeons. Access to them was provided from the Lord's apartments above. It is very possible that in Lord William's time the room or rooms immediately under the library and oratory may have been fitted up aa a place of concealment for a priest, if needed. Ixxii INTRODUCTION. Many instances of this provision may be seen at this day in some of the old mansions inhabited in bygone days by those who adhered to the ancient faith. There are dungeons also in the lower part of the Carlisle Tower, in the position marked U on the Plan. With this imperfect survey of a most interesting building, I must bring to its close an Introduction which I fear has been unduly extended. One duty remains, however, to be fulfilled, but it is always a pleasing one, — the acknowledgment of obligations incurred, and kindnesses received, during the progress of the work. The thanks of the Surtees Society must be gratefully tendered to Lord Lanerton for his continuation of the permission given by the late Lord Carlisle to publish these selections from the Naworth Household Books, and also for his kindness in allowing Lord William Howard's portrait to be photographed for the illustration of this book. My own personal thanks as Editoi are due to his Lordship for the courteous readiness with which access to the Muniment Room at Castle Howard has been accorded to me. TJie thanks of the Society are also due to Mr. Woodman, oi Stob Hill, near Morpeth, for the loan of a transcript made by him many years ago of *^ John Pildrem's Account-Book," then in the possession of Mr. Lawson of Longhirst, from which I have taken many extracts. He also placed in my handf several interesting original Papers, which form a valuable addition to the Documents given in the Appendix. The Surtees Society has further to acknowledge with man} thanks the kind permission given by Mrs. Barnes to have c photograph taken of the extremely interesting portrait of Lady Elizabeth Dacre, which is in her possession at Gilling Castle. The obligations I am under to many literary friends, for information upon various points, will be found acknowledged in the Notes in which that information is embodied. But I must place on record here my grateful sense of the ready kindness with which ray inquiries have at all times been answered by them. It would be unpardonable if I closed the list of my obliga- ■ tioas without a grateful acknowledgment of the kindness I I bsTe received, on more than one occasion, at Naworth Castle. Unrestricted access waa given me to Lord William's Librury, for the purpose of collating a transcript of one of the Account Books with the original MS. and examining the other books und JISS., as well as every facility for seeing all the objects of interest in and about the Castle. To its present inhabitants^ the Hon. Charles Howard, his son Mr. George Howard, and the Hon, Mrs. George Howard, I shall always fee! deeply indebted for a most courteous reception and the most kindly hospitality. The pages which follow give ample proof of the exercise of that gracious quality by their renowned ancestor. It is still a characteristic of those who bear his name and inhabit the stately dwelling which was so long his home. GEORGE ORNSBY. FOBUXE ViCjLBACE, Sept. 0, 1878. INTHODUCTION. Ixxiii ( A Classified Summaby op the Ohdinahy Prices of Grain, Cattle, HOBSES, CHIEF ARTICLES OF CONBDMPTION, LaBOUEERs' WaOES, &C., BETWEEN THE YeARS 1612 1G40. Gum (af di&brent aorts) par boahel : *— In 161S. Wheat, 111. 6d. to 16^. OaU, li.to4B.8i Boj-isi/, 5s. Ijd. tiO 8s. Feaae, 7». 6d. MOa. id. Beatm.Si. Malt, U. tc B>. Sd. 1618. Whaat, 12s. to 13a. 2d. Oats, Is. Bd. to 2s. Gd. Barley, Aa. Rye, 6>. Bd. FuM, it. to 10*. Sd. mt. Wheat, Ga. 8d. to 8s. Oats, Is. to Is. Sd. Beans, 3^ id. lo 4s. I 16!1. Wheat, 12s. to 18s. Gd. Oats, Is. Bid. to Is, Bd, Beans, is. I 1632, Wheat, (per bol!) 30». OaU, 3l. Bwrley, 10s. 1624 Wheat, 8s. iU- to 16a. Id. Oats, 2«. ftl. to &!. 3fa!t, Bi. 1K5. Wheat, lis. Barley, 5s. SJd. Wliite Pease (per boll), 8s. 8d. 3fo!t, 1626. Wheat, is. to Es, 2d. Barley, is. llji. IKS. Seed wheat, li. 2s. 6d. Oats, 2s. Sd. to 3s. Oatnieal, Is. lid. pec peek. 11129. Wheat, 6s. Sd. Seed wheat, 10s. 2i, OM oafs, 2s. lljd. Oats (for poultry), Is. ed. iJorley, 8s. &i. 1633 Wheat, 9a. id. to Iftt. Beams, 9a. 3faK, blended, 6a. Sd. im. niieat, 5s. Seed wheat, 15s. Sd. Biie, 3s. Cattie. &o.— a bull, 50s. A cow, 10s. A oow and calf, 503. 35 head of ratlle (one with another), 471. A quey, 2!. 18s. to 31. A runt, or Scotch m, SI- Us. Sd. A stot, 33s. Sixteen steers (one with another), 671. ISs. 4d. A stfep, 10s, to 12s. Ewe, 4s. Nineteen tups (ono with auother), 51. is. A goat, 3i. 6iJ. A BOW, 10s. Pigs, 4s. to 55. each. A young pig, Is. 2d. ' The following particulars 6re perhaps worth ootiog. They occur in a Paper (Dom. Charles I, cccci. 165) which is undated, but which appears to have been sent to Sir Jacob Astloy, or one of hia officers, some time in 1639 or 1640, in answer to inquiries about prices of provisions for the King's troops : — "A particular note of the prices of come used in Curlile, and the measure thcTeof. Iwprimis. Our bushell is 24 gallons, which gallon is 4 wine quarts aaJ a pint. Bi(fl{ is to be bought from 5s. to 7s. a bushell. Pease from 2s. Gd. to 4s. the bushel!. Malt 6s. or thereabouts the bushell. Wheat at 16s. the tnshell. Hye at 10s. the bushell. This note I had from Mr. Maior of Carlisle. H'esimeriajid. — Come is much at the same rates of Cumberland, but the measnie is not so much by 4 gallons in a bushell." I Ixxvi A CLASSIFIED SUMMARY OF THE PRICES OF GRAIN, ETC. Cloth (and other woven material, of varioas textures and fabrics). — Ba/ize, per yard,* 2s. 6cL Red do. 6s. to 10s. 6d. Donble do. 4s. 6d. BlanketSy pair of Spanish, 27s. Broadcloth, 6s. to 7s. Ad. Calico, 4d, to Sd. Purple do.. Is. 6d. CamhriCy per ell, 5s. 4d. to 12s. Camlet, 5s. 6cl. Canvas, 7d. Cloth (for a suit and coat), 71. 7s. 6d. Scarlet do., 32s. 6d. Clothrash, 2s. 4d. DamasJc, 10s. 6d. to 13s. Qd. Flannel, Is. to Is. 2d. Frieze, 2s. 6d. to 3s. 4d. Fustian, Is. to Is. 4d. Gro-jram, silvered, 21s. Crimson do., 9s. Turkey do. 6s. 6d. Hair-cloth, Is. Harden, 9d. Housewife^s cloth, Is. 2Jd. to 2s. Holland, per ell, 2s. 6JcL to 2s. Holland diaper, 3s. 7cL Jean, Is. Kersey, 2s. Sd. to •is. 4d. Lawn, per ell, 6s. Cobweb do., 2s. Cypress do., 3s. Id. Linen, Is. to Is. lOiL Mohair, Is. 6d. Napkins, per doz., 7s. 9d. to lis. Padua soA/e, 5s. 5d. Paragon, Turkey, 8s. Peniston, 2s. to 3s. 5d. Peropus, 3s. to 3s. 4d. Riding suit, 41 9s. Sacking, SJd. Sarcenet, per ell, 7s. 6d. Satin, 12s. 6d. to 15s. Saye, 2s. 8d. to 5s. 6d. Serge, 2s. Sd. to 5s. 6d. Scotch cloth. Is. 2d. to 2s. lOd. Stammel, lis. Sd. Stuff, lid. to 2s. Stockings, 3s. Pair of Scotch do., 5s. 2d. Pair of silk do., 38s. to 21. Tahleing, 4s. Taffety, per ell, 12s. 6d. to 15s. 4d. Crimson do., per ell, 18s. White do., per ell, 7*. 6d. Towmy, 2s. 6d. Tiffany, white, 2s. Velvet, purple, 24s. Crimson da, 14s. Torlcshire cloth, 4s. 6d. Fish (fresh). — Bret, Is, to 2s. 4d. Bodling, 6d. to Is. Cod, 7d. to Is. 2d. Codling, Id. Conger-eel, Is. 2d. to Is. Sd. Cockles, per peck, 7d. to Is. 6d. Eels, 6d. to 9d. Elldrings, Is. Sd. per doz. Flounders, per doz., 7d. to 9d. Flukes, per doz., Sd. to lid., and per score, Is. 4d. Giise, 7d. to Is. Orevell, Is. Sd. Gurnet, l^d. Herrings, per 100, 2s. Sd. to 3s. 4d. Keeling, Sd. to Is. 2d* Lamprey, Id. Laux, 3s. 4d. to 4s. Lobster, Id. to 3d. Lump, 4|d. to 5d. Mussels, per peck, Sd. Oysters, per 100, 6d. to Is. 6d. Pike, 3d. to 6d. Porpoise, 2s. to 3s. 9d. Salmon, Is. 3d. to 5s. Salmon trout, 4d. to 6d. Seal, Is. Sd. Shoulder- Jishj 2s. Skate, lOd. to Is. Sd. Sole, 2d. Sparlings, 9d. per doz. Sturgeon, 3s, 4d. Thornhack, or thompike, 5d. to Is. Trouts, per doz., 6d. Esk trout, 3d. to 4d. each. Bull trout. Is. to 2s. each. Turhot, Is. to 2s. WoorUng, 2s. Fuel. — Faggots, per 100, 6d. Load of wood (in London), 9s. Billets (in London), per 1000, 15s. 3d. Charcoal, per bushel, lOd. Coals (in London), per chaldron, 19s. to 21s. lOd. Groceries. — Almonds, per lb.. Is. to Is. lOd. Aniseed, per lb., lOd. Aqua vitc, bottle of, 2s. Bezoar, East Indian, per oz. 31. 10s. Grey do., 11. 8s. Candles, per lb., 4d. to 5d, Wax do., per lb.. Is. Id. Capers, per lb., Is. Chalk, per stone, -id. Cinnamon, per lb., 3s. Sd. to 5s. 4d. Cloves, per lb., 8s. Cucumbers, per barrel, 5s. 2d. Currants, per qr., lis. 9d. to 13s. Dates, per lb., 2s. Figs, per lb., 3d. Ginger, per lb., is. Candied do., per lb., 4s. Isinglass, per lb., 4s. to 5s. Liquorice, per lb., 6d. Mace, per lb., 7s. Mithridate, per oz., 2s. Mustard seed, per lb., 2|d. Nutmegs, per lb., 4s. Oil, salad, per quart, 2s. Olives, per pint, 6d. Oranges, per doz., Sd. to Is. Prunes, per qr., 4s. Pepper, per lb.. Is. 7d. to 2s. 4d. Batons, Alicant, per qr., 9s. 4d. to 10s. Malaga do , per qr , 7s. 6d. Raisins of the sun, per qr., 12s. Bice, per lb., 5d. Soap, per firkin, 16s. Sugar, per lb.. Is. 2Jd. to Is. 6d. Powdered do., ll^d. Sugar-candy, per lb., Ss. Suckett, Wet, per lb.. Is. 6d. * The prices, when not otherwise expressed, are all per yard. A CLASSIFIED SUMMARY OF THE PRICES OF GRAIN, ETC. IxxVli Hops. — English Tiops, per cwt., 71. 10s. to 91. 10s. Do., by the lb., Is. to Is. 5rf. Flemish do., per owt., 4Z. HOBSBS, &c. — Varions prices from 21. to 101. Two grey Friesland geldings for the coach, 40Z. 5s. A coach and foor horses, 301. A mule, 50s. Lead, per stone, Is. Provisions (fresh). — Apples, per firkin, Is. to 3s. 6d. Beef (in London), per lb., SJd. Bittern, Sd. Blackcock, 6d. to lOd. Blackbird, Id. Capon, 6d. to Is. Chicken, 2d. to 3(2. Cock, 4d. to 6d. Cockerell, 6d. Ten cocks and hens, 5s. Hens, 5d. to 7d. each. Coot, 2d. Cormoromt, 6d. Curlew, 2ld. to 6d. Curlew- Jack, 2d. Ctbsliat, l^d. to 2d. Dowker, 3d. Duck, 4<Z. to 6d. Duckling, 2d. Fieldfa/re, Id. Ooose, 6d. to 3s. Oorcock (red grouse), 5d. Greyhen, 4d. to 6d. Hare, 4d. to 8(2. Ueron, 6d, Kid, 10(2. to 2s. A lamb, 3s. 4(2. to 3s. Sd. Lap- wing, l\d. La/rks, per doz., 2|(2. to Sd. Leveret, 3(2. Mallard, 5^(2. to 9(2. Longh do , 4d. Moorfowl, 3(2. to 5(2. each. A mutton, 2s. 8(2. to 9s. 4(2. A quarter of do.. Is 2d. to 2s. Side of do., 5s. to 5s. 4(2. Partridge, Sd. to 6(2. Pigs (young), 3(2. each. Pigeon, 1J(2. to 2(2. Plover, 2d. to 4(2. Porfc, quarter of, Ss. 3(2. Pout, 1^(2. Puffin, Id. Quail, 2d, to 6(2. Rabbits, per couple, 8(2, i26(2s7ian%, 1(2. to 2(2. Seo/^gull, 4(2. Sea-la/rks, per doz., 4(2. Sea-mew, 2d. 8ea-pie, 2d. Sea-swallow, Id. Sheldrake, 4d. to 4J(2. Smeethe or Smew, 4(2. Snipe, 1(2. Sparrows, per doz., 2(2. Stints, per couple, J (2. Teal, 2d. Thrushes, about 1(2. each. A i;eal, 6s. 4(2. to 9s. Side of do , 2s. 8(2. to 3s. 4c2. Wild Ooose, 10(2. TFt(2^eoti, 3(2. Woodcock, Sd. to 4(2. Provisions (salted). — Cod, per doz., 5s. Haberdine, per couple, Is. 3(2. to 2s. 6(2. Herrings (red), per barrel, 30s.; per cade, 14s. Do. (white), 19s. Ling (large size), per couple, 10s. Do. (medium size), per couple, 6s. 8(2. Do. (small), per couple, 4s. 8(2. Oysters (pickled), small barrel of. Is. 4<2. Salted salmon, 2s. to 4s. each. Sprats, per cade, 2s. 6(2. Salt butter, per stone, 3s. 2(2. to 6s. Salt, per bushel, 3s. to 4s. 8(2. ; per peck. Is. 2d. to Is. 8(2. Straw, per thrave, 5(2. Tallow, per stone, 2s. 7 Id. to 3s. 6(2. Wages (per day, of labourers and artisans*). — Bricklayer, 10(2. to Is. Car- penter (without victuals). Is. Do. (with victuals), 6(2. His man (without victuals), 10(2. Do. (with victuals), 4(2. Cooper, 6d. His man, 4(2 Dyer (per dozen yards), 4s. 2(2. Gardener, 10(2. Glazier, 8d. Haymakers (men), 6(2. ; (women), 4(2. Labowrer (ordinary), 6(2. Mowers, 10(2. to Is. Mason, Is. Pa/ver, 4d. Plasterer, 6(2. Plumber, Is. Qt^jwryman, 4(2. His boy, 2(2. Saddler, 6d. Sheep-shearers, Sd. to 6(2. each. Their assistants, 1(Z. to 3(2. Slater, 10(2. Thatcher, 8(2. His server, 6(2. Thresher, 6(2. to 9(2. Weavers (by the yard), for harden, 1(2.; for linsey-woolsey, 3(2. to 4J(2. ; kersey, 2d.; stuff, 3(2. J cloth, 5(2. ; for weaving 25 yds. fine linen, 7s. ; do. a round piece, with bounty, 3s. ; for bleaching, per yd., ^d. Wine, Vinegar, and Beer. — Canary, Canary Sack, Sack, per gallon, 3s. 2d. * A summary of the wages paid to the Household Servants at Naworth Castle will be found in the Appendix, No. xxxviii., p. 490. Ixxviii A CLASSIFIED SUMMARY OF THE PRICES OP GRAIN, ETC. to 4s. 6d. Do., per bntt, 131. 5s. Claret^ per gallon, 2s. 6(2. to 2s. 8(2. Do., per hogshead, 41. 5s. to 62. A ton of do. and expenses, 212. 2s. lOd. Malaga, per gallon, 4s. MuscacUne, 3s. 8(2. to 4s. 6(2. White wine, per gallon, 2s. to 2s. Sd. Vinega/r, per hogshead, 32. 15s. Beery per barrel, 6s. Wool, per stone, 5s. 8 J (2. to 10s. Miscellaneous. — Irorif per stone, 2s. 4d. Iron grate, 14s. A da/mash table- cloth. 32. A silver hell, 38s. Two beds and bolsters, 32. A rug (large), 27«. Coverlet (Arras-work), 40s. A watch, 42. A clock, lOZ. CorU, per lb., 4(2. to 8(2. Leather 'portmanteau, 10s. 1(2. Pa/rchment, skin of, 5(2. Infe, per pint, 6d, Lime, per bushel, 8(2. A mastiff, 10s. 8(2. J. bloodhound, 2s. -4 whelp, Is. 4d. JJea/wi o/ paper, 5s. Fire-shovel, 2s. J. so-ii;, 2s. J. whip, Is. A looking-glass, 9s. Ha/mess, for 4 coach horses, 82. J. saddle-cloth, and furniture, 3Z. .4. saddle, 26s. Mill-stones, 13s. to IZ. 10s. 8(2. J. mill-wheel, 26s. 8(2. J. comb (tortoise-shell), 2s. 6(2. Physician's fee, 20s. Dentisfsdo.,10s. Boots, pair of, 10s. to I2s. iS^ioes, pair of, 6s. 8(2. Needles (per 100), Is. Beaver /la*, 50s. to 31, 10s. f eZ2 do., lis. to 16s. Chinpowder, per lb.. Is. 6d, GENERAL INDEX OF CONTENTS. PAGE 1612. Naward. Ephemeris sen Liber Expens. Domest. ibidem, k primo Jann. A®. "RK E^s. Jaoobi decimo, anno Domini 1612 . 1 Bents of Cumberland, ih. Bents of Northumberland, York, Durham, and Westmorland, 4, Foreign Beceipts, 5. My Lord's Parcels, 8. My Lady's do., 9. Pensions or Annuities, 13. Law charges, 14 Lands purchased, 16. Servants* wages, 17. Fresh Acaites, 20. Salt and Salt Store, 25. Bewards, 26. Building, Beparations, Workmen, 33. Hus- bandry, Herds, and Husbandmen, 36. Utensils or neces- saries, 41. Grocery, 44. Malt, 45. Bigg and peas, 46. Oats, ib. Wheat, 47. Hops, ih. Wine, 48. Lights, ih. Stable charges, ih. Horses and cattle bought, 50. Biding charges and errands, ih. Poor, 54. Money lent, imprest, or repaid, 55. Duties to Brampton and other places, 56. Mills, 57. Extraordinary payments, 59. Linen cloth and yam, &o., 63. Eldin (fuel), 65. 1618. Liber reoept : et expens : apud Kaward, incipiens primo die Augusti : Anno B. B. Jacobi, xvj°. annoque Domini 1618 . 67 Bents of Cumberland, ih. Bents in Northumberland, 69. Foreign receipts, 70. Money received for fines, ih. Do. do. for wood, 72. My Lord's own parcels, ih. My Lady's do., 73. Pensions and annuities paid, 76. Law charges, lands purchased, debts paid and interest, ih. Servants* wages, 77. Fresh acaites, ih. Salt and salt store, 86. Bewards and given to the poor, 87. Building and reparations, 89. Hus- bandry, Herds, and Husbandmen, 90. Utensils or neces- saries, 91. Grain, 95. Wine, ih. Hops, 96. Lights, ih. Stable charges, ih. Biding charges or errands, 97. Dues to Brampton and other places, 98. Charges of mills, 99. Ex- traordinary payments, 100. Charges of carrying stuff, 101. Fuel, 102. 1619. Beceipts for my Lord William Howard, from 9 Oct., 1619. . 103 Payments general for my Lord's parcels and riding charges, &o., 104 My Lord's parcels, 105. .Payments for debts, loans, interest and annuities, and lands bought, &c., ih. Do., do., 106. Payments for necessaries and extraordinaries, Ac, 107. Bewards, &c., 109. Stable charges, &c , 110. Law causes, ih., 116. IXXX GENERAL INDEX OF CONTENTS. PAGE 1620. Liber receptoram et expensorum apnd Naward, incipiens primo die mensis Angasti, anno B. B. Jacobi 18^. annoqne Domini 1620 118 Rents received in Cumberland, ih. Reditns in Northumb., 119. Do. in Westm. Ebor. et Dunelm, 120. Foreign receipts, ih. My Lord's parcels, 121. My Lady*s expenses, ih. Pensions or annuities, 124. Law charges, lands purchased and debts paid, ih. Fresh acaites, 126. Salt and salt store, 128. Rewards and given to the poor, 129. Buildings and repara- tions, 132. Husbandry and Herds, 133. Utensils and necessaries, 134. Grocery and spices, 136. Grain, 137. Wine, ih. Hops, 138. Stable charges, ih. Riding charges and errands, ih. Charges of the mills, 139. Charges of carrying stuff, &o., 140. Extraordinary payments, ih. Fuel, 141. Horses and cattle, ih, ^^^' \ Receipts for my Lord, since the 27 April, 1620. ... 142 No. II. f Do. do., ih. Payments general for my Lord's parcels and riding charges, &c., 143. My Lord's parcels, 144. Necessaries and extraordinaries, ih., 146. Rewards, &c., ih. Stable charges, 147. Law causes, ih. Payments general, &c , 148 1621. Liber receptorum et expensorum apud Naward incipiens primo die Augusti anno R. R. Jacobi 19<*. annoque Domini 162lo. 149 Rents in Cumberland, ih. Do., Northumberland, 156. Do., Westmorland, Ebor: et Dunelm, 157. Forreine Recepts, 158. My Lord's Expenses, 160. My Lady's do., 161. Pen- sions and annuities paid, Law charges, lands purchased and debts paid, 163. Wages paid to Servants, Fresh Acaites, 164. Salt and Salt store, Rewards, 175. Building and Repara- tions, Husbandry and Herds, 177. Utensils or necessaries, 178. Grocery or spices. Grain of all sorts, 179. Wine, Hops, Stable charges. Riding charges and errands, 180. Money lent or imprest, Dues to Brampton and other places. Charges about the mills, 181. Charges of carrying stuff. Extraordinary payments, Fuel, 182. Abstract of the con- tents of the Household Book for 1621-22, 183. 1621. ) Extracts from " John Pildrem's Account-Book " for the year No. II. » 1621 184 1622. Naward. Liber Receptorum et Expensorum ibidem incipiens primo die Augusti A^. R. R. Jacobi 20^. Annoqne Domini 1622 186 Rents in Cumberland, Fodina carbonum, ih. Do. NorthnmbrisB, Westmorland, Durism, York, Foreign Receipts, money re- ceived for Fines, &c , my Lord's expenses, 187. My Lady's expenses, 188. Pensions or Annuities, Law charges, Debts paid and land purchased, 189. Wages paid to Servants, 190. Fresh acaites, 191. Salt and salt store. Rewards and given to the poor, 192. Building and reparations, 193. Husbandry and Herds, Utensils or necessaries, 194. Grocery, r QENERAL INDEX OF CONTENTS. ^^^H Oraiii, WinQ, 195- Hopa, Stabls Q)iargeH, Biding chargea and orranda, 196. Money lent or imprest. Dues to Bramp- ton, &o. Cliar^B abODt the MiU«. Charges of oanying staffs Estraordinary paymantB, 197. FuoL Horaea and cattlo bought, 198. ! Eitracta from " John Padrem'a Aocount-Book " for the year Farther Extraate from the samo Fajments general. Do. for my Lord gince tha last of April, 1633., lb- NecesBariea since May 7, 1623, 205. Paymenta general for my Lord's jonrnpy to Spa, May, 1633, his Biponces there, aud on his homeward joamey. Household oxpenoes. Do. in London, &o Nawnrd. Lihor Reooptorora et eipenaoruni ibidem, incipions primo die Augustj, A°. E. B. Jncobi 22°. Annoque Domiiu 1G34 Rents in Cumberland, ib. Do. Northumbriie, Woatmorlnnd, Tork, et Dnriam. Money reoeired for Finea, &c, Foreign Bcccipts. My Lord's expenooB, 212. My Ladj'a expencea, 213, Fenaione and annuities. Law charges. Debts paid and lands pnrchaaed. Wages. Freah Acaitea. Salt and Salt store. Rewards nnd given to the Poor, 214. Building and Bcpomtions. Husbandry and Herda, 216. Kooesaarioa, 216. Grain. Wme, 217. Hopa- Lights. Stable charge*, 818. Biding charges and crranda. Money lent or imprest. Dues to Brampton, Ac. Cha:^^ of the Milla. Charges of carrying stuff, 219. Estraordinary payments. Fuel. Cattle, 220, I Eitraots from "John Pildrem's Account- Book " for the year , f 1634 Household Book for this year Kents in Cumberland. Com. Northambrice, ib. DorCsmo. York, et Weatm. Monies received for Fines, Ac. Foreign Receipts. My Lord's expences. My Lady and the children. Fenaions or Annuities, 226. Law charges. Debts paid and lands pnr- chaeed. Wagea. Fresh Aoaites, 226. Salt and Salt store, fiewards and given to the Poor, 227. Building and Repsra- tions. Husbandry and Herds. Utensils or neceaaariea, 228. Spices. Grain, Wine, 229, Hops and Lights. Stable changes, 230. } Eitracta from "John Pildrem'a Account- Book " for the year 1625 Naward- Liber receptoram et expensorum ibidem, incipiena primo die Junij, snno Regis Carol i secundo, nsque ad initinm Junij seqnentis, 1626 Kents in Cumberland, ib. Com. Northumbriae- Dnrisme, Torke, et Wostmerland. Money received for Fines, &c. Foreign Beceipta. My Lord'a eipences, 234. My Ijody and the children. Pensions and annnitiea. Law charges- Debts paid and lands porohaaed. Wagea. Freah acaits, 235. Salt f IxXli INTRODUCTION. Many instances of this provision may be seen at tMs day in some of the old mansions inhabited in bygone days by those who adhered to the ancient faith. There are dungeons also in the lower part of the Carlisle Tower, in the position marked XJ on the Plan. With this imperfect survey of a most interesting building, I must bring to its close an Introduction which I fear has been unduly extended. One duty remains, however, to be fulfilled, but it is always a pleasing one, — the acknowledgment of obligations incurred, and kindnesses received, during the progress of the work. The thanks of the Surtees Society must be gratefully tendered to Lord Lanerton for his continuation of the permission given by the late Lord Carlisle to publish these selections from the Na worth Household Books, and also for his kindness in allowing Lord "William Howard's portrait to be photographed for the illustration of this book. My own personal thanks as Editor are due to his Lordship for the courteous readiness with which access to the Muniment Room at Castle Howard has been accorded to me. TJie thanks of the Society are also due to Mr. Woodman, of Stob Hill, near Morpeth, for the loan of a transcript made by him many years ago of *^ John Pildrem^s Account-Book," then in the possession of Mr. Lawson of Longhirst, from which I have taken many extracts. He also placed in my hands several interesting original Papers, which form a valuable addition to the Documents given in the Appendix. The Surtees Society has further to acknowledge with many thanks the kind permission given by Mrs. Barnes to have a photograph taken of the extremely interesting portrait of Lady Elizabeth Dacre, which is in her possession at Gilling Castle. The obligations I am under to many literary friends, for information upon various points, will be found acknowledged in the Notes in which that information is embodied. But I must place on record here my grateful sense of the ready kindness with which ray inquiries have at all times been answered by them. It would be unpardonable if I closed the list of my obliga- INTRODUCTION. Ixxiil tiona without a grateful acknowledgment of the kmdneas I have received, on more than one occasion, at Naworth Castle. Unrestricted access was given rae to Lord William's Library, for the purpose of collating a. transcript of one of the Account Books with the original MS. and examining the other books and MSS., as well as every facility for seeing all the objects of interest in and about the Castle. To its present inhabitants the Hon. Charles Howard, his son Mr. George Howard, and the Hon. Jlrs. George Howard, I shall always feel deeply indebted for a most coui'teous reception and the most kindly hospitality. The pages which follow give ample proof of the exercise of that gracious quality by their renowned ancestor. It is atill a characteristic of those who bear his name and inhabit the stately dwelling which was so long his home. FlSHI^ASE VlCABAGB, near DoDcuster, Sept. 9, 1878. GEORGE OENSBT. r A Classified Summary of the Obdisaky Prices op Grais, Cattle, HoRaEa, CHIEF Articles of CoNSOMPTioif, Labodkers' Waoehi Ac, HETWBss THE Years 1612—1640. OwTic (of different BDrtB) per bntliel : "—In 1613. BTiea(,IU 6d. tol6«. OaU, 2a.ioia.6d. Barley, 5). Ifd. to B>. PeoM, 7a. Gd. to 9<. id Btcma, Si. Malt, 64. to 6s. 8(1. 1618. WJ'.eat, 12b. to IBs. 2(i. Oata, Is. 8(1. to 3s. 6d. Bof!<v, -Is. Rye. 6s. 8ci. Feiue, 4i. to 10s. SdL 1620. TFAeat, 6s. 8d. to Ss. Oafs, Is. to Is. Sd, Beavis, 3s 4(1. to 4<. Malt, 2*. 2i. 1621. Wheat, Ua. to 12s. 6iL Oats, Is. 5)d. to li. Bi. Bean», 4>. 1622. TlTtMf, (per boll) 305. Oats, Bs. Barley, 10s. 162'1 TPJrsfli, 83. 4j'i. to 16s. lii. Oats, 23. ed. to Bs. Walt, Ss. 1625. JVTiea(, lis. Barley, 5s. 31c(. MTiile Peass (per boll), 8s. 8il. Mali, 4s. lid. 162a Iffteo!, 4s. to 5s. 2ii BarUy, 4s. lljil, 1C28. Seed irheat, li. 2s. Cd. Oata, 2s. 6d. to 3s. Oatmeal, Is. lid. per pcok. 1G29. in.eat, 6s. 8d. Seed u-heat, 10s. 2d. Old oats, 2s. lljd. Oofs (for pooltry), Is. 6d. Barley, 8s. 6d. 1633 Wlieat, 9s. 4<i. to 10s. lleana, 9s. Malt, blondcd, 6s. 8<i. 1640. Wheat, 5s. Seed u-hcat, 15s. Gd. Rye, 9s. CiTTLE, &c— A bull, SOs. A cow, 10s. A cow and calf, 50s. 35 head of caltle (one with another), 471. A qucy, 21. 18s. to 3i. A runt, or Scotch oi, 3). lis. 8J. A stot, 33s. Sixteen steers (one witb another), 671. 15s. id. A eheep, IDs. to 12s. Ewe, 4s. Kineteon tups (one with anotber), 5i. 4s. A goat, 3s, GiL A BOW, 10s. Figs, 4s. to 5s. each. A ^oung pig, Is, 3d. * Tba following particulars are perhaps worth noting. They occur in a Paper (Dom, Charica I. cccci. 165) which is undated, bnt which appears to have been sent to Sir Jacob Asttey , or one of bis officers, some time in 1639 or 16-W, in answer to inquiries aboat prices of provisions for the Kin^s troopfl : — "A particnier note of the prices of corne naod in Carlile, and the measure thereof. Inprimis. Our busbell ie 24 gallons, which gallon is 4 wine qaarta and a pint. Bijrg is to be bonght from 5s, to 7s. a busbell. Pease from 25. 6i. to 4s. the buBhell. Malt 6s. or thereabouts the bUBhell. Wheat at 16s. the bnshell. Bye at 10s. the baahell. This note I bad from Mr. Maior of Carlisle. 'iyeslmerlund. — Come is much at the same rates of Cumberland, but the measure is not 90 nroch by 4 gallons in a bushell." Ixxvi A CLASSIFIED SUMMARY OF THE PRICES OF GRAIN, ETC. Cloth (and other woven material, of various textures and fabrics). — Badze, per yard,* 2s. 6d. Red do. 6s. to 10s. 6d. Double do. 4s. 6d. Bla/iiJcetSf pair of Spanish, 27s. Broadcloth, 6s. to 7s. Ad, Calico, 4d. to Sd, Purple do., Is. 6d. Cambric, per ell, 5s. 4d. to 12s. Camlet, 5s. Qd. Canvas, 7d. Cloth (for a suit and coat), 71. 7s. 6d. Scarlet do., 32s. 6d. Clothrash, 2s. 4d. Damask, 10s. 6d, to 13s. 6d. Flannel, Is. to Is. 2d, Frieze, 2s. 6d. to 3». id. Fustian, Is. to Is. 4d. Orogram, silvered, 21s. Crimson do., 9s. Turkey do. 6s. 6d. Hair-cloth, Is. Harden, 9d, Housewife's cloth. Is. 2Jd. to 2». Holland, per ell, 2s. 6JcZ. to 2s. Holland diaper, 3s. 7d, Jean, Is, Kersey, 2s. 8d, to 4s. 4id. Lawn, per ell, 6s. Cobweb do., 2s. Cypress do., 3s. Id. Linen, Is. to Is. lOcZ. Mohair, Is. 6d, Napkins, per doz., 7s. 9d, to lis. Padua soajb, 5s. 5cJ. Pa/ragon, Turkey, 8s. Peniston, 2s. to 3s. 5d, Peropus, 3s. to 3s. 4d. Riding suit, 41 9s. Sacking, S^d. Sarcenet, per ell, 7s. Gd. Satin, 12s. 6d, to 15s. Save, 2s. 8d. to 5s. 6d. Serge, 2s. Sd. to 5s. 6d. Scotch cloth. Is. 2d. to 2s. lOd. Stammel, lis. Sd. Stuff, lid. to 2s. Stockings, 3s. Pair of Scotch do., 5s. 2d. Pair of silk do., 38s. to 21. Tahleing, 4s. Taffety, per ell, 12s. 6(Z. to 15s. 4d. Crimson do., per ell, 18s. White do., per ell, 7*. 6d, Tarrnny, 2s. 6d. Tiffa/ny, white, 2s. Velvet, purple, 24s. Crimson do., 14s. Ywhshire cloth, 4s. 6d. Fish (fresh). — Bret, Is. to 2s. 4d. Bodling, 6d. to Is. Cod, 7d. to Is. 2d, Codling, Id. Conger-eel, Is. 2d. to Is. Sd. Cockles, per peck, 7d. to Is. 6d, Eels, 6d. to 9d. Elldrings, Is. Sd. per doz. Flounders, per doz., 7d, to 9d. Fhikes, per doz., Sd. to lid., and per score, Is. 4d. Oilse, 7d. to Is. Qrevell, Is, Sd. Qwrnet, l^d. Herrings, per 100, 2s. 8d. to 3s. 4d. Keeling, Sd. to Is. 2(2. Lam/prey, Id. Laux, 3s. 4d. to 4s. Lobster, Id, to 3d. Lv/mp, 4Jd. to 5d. Mussels^ per peck, 8d. Oysters, per 100, 6d, to Is. 6d. Pike, 3d. to 5d. Porpoise, 2s. to 3s. 9d. Salmon, Is. 3d. to 5s. Salmon trout, 4d. to 6d. Seal, Is. Sd, Shoulder- fish, 2s. Skate, lOd. to Is. 8d. Sole, 2d. Sparlings, 9d. per doz. Sturgeon, 3s, 4d. Thornback, or thompike, 5d. to Is. Trouts, per doz., 6d, Esk trout, 3d. to 4d. each. Bull trout. Is. to 2s. each. Tu/rbot, Is, to 2s. WoorUng, 2s. Fuel. — Faggots, per 100, 6d. Load of wood (in London), 9s. Billets (in London), per 1000, 15s. 3d. Charcoal, per bushel, lOd. Coals (in London), per chaldron, 19s. to 21s. lOd. Gboceeies. — AUnonds, per lb., Is. to Is. lOd. Aniseed, per lb., lOd. Aqtui vitoe, bottle of, 2s. Bezoa/r, East Indian, per oz. 31, lOs. Grey do., 11. 8s. OaridZes, per lb., 4d. to 5d. Wax do., per lb.. Is. Id. Cc^pers, per lb.. Is. Chalk, per stone, 4d. Cinnam.on, per lb., 3s. 8d. to 5s. 4d. Cloves, per lb., 8s. Cucumbers, per barrel, 5s. 2d. Currants, per qr., lis. 9d. to 13s. Dates, per lb., 2s. Figs, per lb., 3d. Ginger, per lb.. Is. Candied do., per lb., 4s. Isinglass, per lb., 4s. to 5s. Liquorice, per lb., 6d. Mace, per lb., 7s. Mithridate, per oz., 2s. Musta/rd seed, per lb., 2|d. Nut)negs, per lb., 4s. Oil, salad, per quart, 2s. Olives, per pint, 6d. Oranges, per doz., 8d. to Is. Primes, per qr., 4s. Pepper, per lb.. Is. 7d. to 2s. 4d. Raisins, Alioant, per qr., 9s. 4(2. to 10s. Malaga do., per qr , 7s. 6d. Raisins of the sun, per qr., 12s. Rice, per lb., 5d. Soap, per firkin, 16s. Suga/r, per lb., Is. 2Jd. to Is. 6d. Powd^ed do., 11 Jd. Sugar-candy, per lb., 3s. Suckett, Wet, per lb.. Is. 6d. * The prices, when not otherwise expressed, are all per ywrd. A CLASSIFIED SUMMARY OP THE PRICES OF GRAIN, ETC. Ixsvii LiiB, per atonp, Is, PumsioNS (fresh). — Appliis, per firkLn, Is. to 3«. Bd. fletf (in London), per ]b., 3jtl. Bittern, Sd. Blackcock, 6d. to lOd. Blackbird, Id. Capon, 5d to Is. CUckm, Sd. to 3d. Cock, id. to 6d. Coclitrell, Bd. Tea cocia and Jiene, 6s. ifnu, Si. to 7iL each. Coot, 2d. Cormorant, Gd. CutIbw, 2\d. Ui Sd. Curlaio- JaA.Sd. Citaluit, lid. to 2ri. Boinlcgr, Sd. i>uct, 4il. to fid. IhifUtnir, 2cl. fHiJ/nre, Id. Goose, 6d. to 3s. floreock (red groiiae), 5d. (?re!(fte>i, 4ii. to Sd. iTarf, 4J. to Si. Hsron, 6d. Kid, lOd. to 2s. A lamb, Ss. 4fi. to 3s. 8d. lofi- nTHif, l\d. Larki, per doz , 2id, to 3eI. £mn-e(, 3il. MaUard, SJd. to Sri. LoDgh do , id:. Moorfowl, 3d. to gd. eiicli. ^ mutfon, 2s. Sd. to 9s. 4d. A ffoarter of do.. Is Zd. to 2j. Side of do,, 5i. to 6s. 4i Partridgs, Zd. to &i. Piji (joong), 3(1 each. Pigeon, lid. to 2d, Plover, 2d. to ■W. f ofl;. qnarter d^3e.3(£. Paul, l|d. Puffin, Id. Quail, 2d, to Gd. Eabbita, per conple, Sd, ReishiMk, Iii. to 2d. Seo-^Zl, 4d. Sea-lmla. per doz., iii. Sca-m«v, 2d. fii!fi-}>is, 2d. Sea-sviaUoie, Id. SheHrake, id. to i\d. SmefiKs or iSmmu, id. Snipe, \d. 9f oiTOUTS, per doE., 3^ Stinfa, per couple, Jd. Teail,2d. Thruahea, HboDt Id. each. J veaX, 6a. 4d. to 9s. 8ida of do , &t. Sd. to 3s. id. Wild Omsb, lOd. Widgeon, 3d, TToodcoefc, 3d. to id. PiOTifliOHS (salted), — Cod, per doz., 5a. Saberdine, per ooople, la. 8d. to ii. 6d. Herriin^s (red), per barrel, 30a,; per cndc, 14s. Do. (white), 19s. iinj (lai^ size), por couple, 10s, Do. (medium sHa), per couple, 6s, 8J. Do. (small), per couple, 4s, 8d. OysterB (pickled), amall barrel of, Is. 4^. Suited falmon, 2s. to 4s. each. Sprats, per cade, 2s. 6d. SaXi hidier, per stono, 33. 2d. to 6s. Sjlt, per bushel, 3s, to 4s. 8d.; per peck. Is. 2d. to Is. 8d. Straw, per thrave, 5d. T.iLLOw. per stone, 25. 1\d. to 3s, Gd. W.iCES (per day, of labourers and artiBans*). — Bricklayer, lOd, to Is. Car- jieiiter (without victuala), Is. Do. (with victuals), 6d. His man (without victuals), lOd. Do, (with victuals), 4d, Cooper, 6d. His man, 4d Dtfer (per dozen yards), 4s. 2d. Qordener, lOd, Qlaiier, 8d. Haymakers (men), 6d. ; (women), 4d. Labourer (ordinary), 6d. Mowers, lOd, to Is. JMuson, Is. Paver, id. Plasterer, 6d. Plumber, Is. Qaarryman, id. His boy, 2d. Haddler, 6d. Slieep-ahearers, 3d. to fid. each. Their asBistants, Id. to 3d. Slater, lOd, Thatcher, Sd. Hia sorror, 6d. Thresher, H. to 2d. Weavers (by the yard), for harden, Id. ; for liusey-woolaey, 3d. to 4Jd. ; kersey, 2d, ; stuff, 3(i. i clotb, 5d. ; for weaving 25 yds. fine linen, 7s. j do. a round piece, with bounty, 3s. ; for bleaching-, per yd., Jd. WiXK, ViNERAE, AND Beer. — Canary, Canary Sack, Sack, per gallon, 3s, 2d. lid to the Household Servants at Naworth Ixxviii A CLASSIFIED SUMMARY OF THE PRICES OF GRAIN^ ETC. to 4s. 6d, Do., per butt, 131. 5s. Cla/ret, per gallon, 2s. 6d. to 2s. Sd, Do., per hogshead, 41. 5s. to 61* A tnn of do. and expenses, 211. 2s. lOd. Malaga, per gallon, 4s. Muscadine, 3s. Sd, to 4s. 6d. White wine, per gallon, 2s- to 2s. Sd. Vinegar, per hogshead, 31. 15s. Beer, per barrel, 6s. Wool, per stone, 5s. 8Jd. to 10s. Miscellaneous. — Iron, per stone, 2s. 4d. Iron gfra^e, 14s. A da/maslc table" cloth. SI. A silver hell, 38s. Two beds and bolsters, 3i. A rug (large), 27a. Coverlet (Arras-work), 40s. A watch, 41. A clock, 101. Cork, per lb., 4d. to Sd. Leather portmanteau, 10s. Id. Pa/rchment, skin of, 5d. Ink, per pint, 6dJ. Lime, per bushel, Sd. A mastiff, 10s. Sd. A bloodhound, 2s. A whelp, Is. 4d. Beami of paper, 5s. Fire-shovel, 2s. A saw, 2s. A whip. Is. il looking-glass, 9s. Harness, for 4 coach horses, 82. A saddle-cloth, and furniture, 3i. ^ saddle, 26s. ilfiW-s^ones, 13s. to 11. 10s. 8ci. A mill-wheel, 26s. 8ci. il comb (tortoise-shell), 2s. 6cZ. Physician* s fee, 20s. Deniisi's do., 10s. Boots, pair of, 10s. to I2s. Shoes, pair of, 6s. Sd. Needles (per 100), Is. Beaver hat, 508, to 31. 10s. Felt do., lis. to 16s. Gunpowder, per lb.. Is. 6d. GENERAL INDEX OF CONTENTS. ITawBid. Gphemeria Ben Liber Eipena. Domost. prirao Jaou. A". R". R'». Jacobi decirao, anno Dmnini 1612. Eentfl dt Cumherland, ih. Kenta of NorthnmberlaiKi, York, Durham, and Woatmorland, 4. Foreigu Eeoaipts, S, My Lord's ParcelB, 8. My Lady's da, 9. PonBiooa or AnnuitieB, 13. Law oliargeg, 14 Laode puroh&sed, 16. Servanta' wages, 17. Freah AcaiteB, 20. Bait and Salt Store, 25, Rewards, 26. BniMing, Eeparations, Worlnnen, 33. Hus- bandry, Herds, and HuabandmeQ, 36. Dteoaila BarisB, 41. GroCBty, 44. Malt, 46. Bigg and peas, 46. OatB, ib. Wheat, 47. Hopa, ib. Wine, 4«. Liglita, ib. Stable chargoa, ib. Horaea and cattle bought, 50. uhargoa and emuida, ib. Poor, B4i. Uooey lent, imprest, ot repaid, 55. Dnties to Braai[)ton nud other places, 66. Mills, 57. Extraordinary payments, 59. Linen cloth snd yarn. Ac , 63. Eldin (fuel), 63. Liber recept : et eipena : apud Naward, inoipiena primo die AnguBti : Anno R. R. Jacobi, ITJ°. annoque Domioi 161( Rente of Cumberland, tb. Rents in Northumberland, Foreign rcceipta, 70. Money received for tines, id. Do. do. for wood, 72. My Lord's own parcels, i6. My Lady'a 73. Pensions and atiQiiities paid, 76. Law charges, lands purchased, debts pa d and nter st b Servants' wages, 77. Freah acaitee, ib Salt and salt store 86 Rewards and giTCn to the poor 87 Bu Id ng and reparations, 89. Hu bandry. Herds, and Husbandmen 90 Utensils or necc saries. 91. Grain 95 W no b Bops 96. Lights, i Stable charges, ib R d ag charts or errands. 97. Dues Brampton and other phices 98 Charges of mills, 99. E tmordinarj payments, 100. Chargoa of carrying stuff, 101. Fuel, lOa. Receipts for my Lord William Howard, from 9 Oct., : Payments general for my Lord's parcels and riding charges, &c., 104. My Lord's parcels, 105. Payments for debts, loans, iDt«rest and annuities, and lands bought, £c,, ib. Do., do,, 106. Payments for necessaries and eitraordinaries, &c. Rewards, Ac, 109. Stable charges, &c , 110. Law ci ib., 116. f IXXX GENERAL INDEX OF CONTENTS. pag; 1620. Liber receptorum et expensorum apnd Naward, incipiens primo die mensis Angasti, anno B. E. Jacobi 18^. annoque Domini 1620 11 Rents received in Cumberland, ih. Reditus in Northumb., 119. Do. in Westm. Ebor. et Dunelm, 120. Foreign receipts, ih. My Lord's parcels, 121. My Lady's expenses, ih. Pensions or annuities, 124. Law charges, lands purchased and debts paid, ih. Fresh acaites, 126. Salt and salt store, 128. Rewards and given to the poor, 129. Buildings and repara- tions, 132. Husbandry and Herds, 133. Utensils and necessaries, 134. Grocery and spices, 136. Grain, 137. Wine, ih. Hops, 138. Stable charges, ih. Riding charges and errands, ih. Charges of the mills, 139. Charges of carrying stuff, &o., 140. Extraordinary payments, ih. Fuel, 141. Horses and cattle, ih. ^^^^' \ Receipts for my Lord, since the 27 April, 1620 . ... 14 No. II. ' Do. do., ih. Payments general for my Lord's parcels and riding charges, &c., 143. My Lord's parcels, 144. Necessaries and extraordinaries, ih., 146. Rewards, &c., ih. Stable charges, 147. Law causes, ih. Payments general, &c , 148. 1621. Liber receptorum et expensorum apud Naward incipiens primo die Augusti anno R. R. Jacobi 19°. annoque Domini 162lo. 14 Rents in Cumberland, ih. Do., Northumberland, 156. Do., Westmorland, Ebor: et Dunelm, 157. Forreine Recepts, 158. My Lord's Expenses, 160. My Lady's do., 161. Pen- sions and annuities paid. Law charges, lands purchased and debts paid, 163. Wages paid to Servants, Fresh Acaites, 164. Salt and Salt store. Rewards, 175. Building and Repara- tions, Husbandry and Herds, 177. Utensils or necessaries, 178. Grocery or spices. Grain of all sorts, 179. Wine, Hops, Stable charges, Riding charges and errands, 180. Money lent or imprest. Dues to Brampton and other places. Charges about the mills, 181. Charges of carrying stnfif. Extraordinary payments. Fuel, 182. Abstract of the con- tents of the Household Book for 1621-22, 183. 1621. ) Extracts from " John Pildrem's Account-Book " for the year No. XL » 1621 18 1622. Naward. Liber Receptorum et Expensorum ibidem incipiens primo die Augusti A®. R. R. Jacobi 20°. Annoque Domini 1622 18 Rents in Cumberland, Fodina carbonum, ih. Do. NorthumbrisB, Westmorland, Durism, York, Foreign Receipts, money re- ceived for Fines, &c , my Lord's expenses, 187. My Lady's expenses, 188. Pensions or Annuities, Law charges, Debts paid and land purchased, 189. Wages paid to Servants, 190. Fresh acaites, 191. Salt and salt store, Rewards and given to the poor, 192. Building and reparations, 193. Husbandry and Herds, Utensils or necessaries, 194. Grocery, GENERAL INDEX OP CONTENTS. Is Grain, Wino, 19G. Kopa, Stabia chiu^B, Eiding cliargsa and etrajids, 196. Monej lent or impreat. Duea to Brnmp- ton, &a. ChBTKea about the iSilla. Cheirgoa of carrying atnff. EitnLordlnaFy payments, 197- FaeL Horsea and cattio bought, 198. 1623. 1 Eitrocta from " John Padrem'fl Aoooimt-Book " for tho year <o, n. ) 1622 1623. FnrthBF Ertraots from the same Payments general. Do. for my Lord HmM the last of April, 1623., ib. NecsBBariea since May V, 1633, BOS. Paymenta general for my Lonl'sjonrney to Spa, May, 1623, hie eipencea there, and on hia homennrd joornoy. Housohold eipeiiooB. Do. in London, £o IfiSi Naword. Liber Becoptorom at e^ensornin ibidem, incipienfl primo die Augnati, A°. R. B, Jacobi 32°. Annoqne Domini 1624, Benta in Camberland, ib. Do. North umbrite, Woatmorland, York, et Durism. Money received for Fines, Ac. Foreign Beocipta. Uy Lord'a expenoes, 313. My Lady'a oipenoea, 813. Pehsiona ajid annaities. Law ehargea. Debts paid and landa porchased. Wa-gee. Froah Acait^ea. Salt and Salt atore. Eewarda and given to the Poor, 214, Bnilding and Bepaistiona. Hnabandry and Harda, 215. Neceaaarioa, 216. Grain. Wine, 217. Hops. Lights. Stable charges, 218. lUding ohorgea etnd erronda. Money lent or imprest. Dnea tn Brampton, &c. Chargea of the Mills. Chargea of carrying etnff, 219. Estraordinary pajmenta. Fael. Cattle, 220. 1624. ) E>traota from "John Pildrem'a Account - Boolt " fbc the year fo. !I, 1 1624 1G25. Honaehold Book for thia year Bents in Cnmberland. Com. Nortbambn^, ib. Dnrisme. Tork, etWestm. Monies received for Pin6a,Ac. Foreign Beceipta. My Lord'a expencea. Uy Lady and tba children. Penaiona or Annuities, 225. Law charges. Debta paid and landa pnr- chased. Wagee. Freah Acaitee, 226. Salt and Salt store. Bewarda and given to the Poor, 327. Bnilding and Repara- tiona. Enabandry and Heeds. Utenaila or necoaaariofl, 228. Spicea. Grain. Wine, 229. Hops and Lights. Stable chargea, 230. 1525, 1 Extracts from "John Pildrem's Account- Book " for the year SoILf 1625 1E6. Naward. Liber receptorum et expenaorum ibidem, incipiena primo die Junij, anno Begia Carol! aecundo, usque ad initinm Jnnij seqnentis, 1626 Rents in Cumberland, ib. Com. Horthumbriie. Duriame, Torke, et Weatmerland. Money received for Finea, &o. Foreign Beceipta. My Lord'a expencee, 234. My Lady and the children. Penaiona and annnitiea. Law charges, Debta paid and landa pnrohaaed. Wages. Freah acaita, 235. Salt Ixzxii GENERAL INDEX OF CONTENTS. Pi and salt store. Bewards and given to the Poor. Buildings and Reparations, 236. Husbandry and Herds. Utensils or necessaries. Spices. Grain, 237. Wine. Hops and Lights. Stable charges. Riding charges and errandsi 238. 1626. ) Extracts from "John Pildrem's Account-Book" for the year No. II. J 1626 1627. Accounts contained in " John Pildrem's Account-Book" for the year 1627 1628. Book of Recepts and Disbursements, begininge the 19^ of Maye, 1628, and endinge the 5^^ of November in the same yeare ! Arrerages of last account. Rents in Northumberland. Bents in Cumberland. Foreign receipts. My Lord his parcels, ib. My Lady's parcels. Law charges. Debts paid and lands purchased, 244. Wages and annuities. Fresh acaites at Corby. Salt and salt store at Corby. Bewards and given to the Poor, 245. Building and Reparations. Husbandry and Herds, 247. Utensils or necessaries. Riding charges and errands, 248 Monies lent or imprest Dues to Bramp- ton, &c. Grain. Extraordinary payments. Cattle bought, 249. Wine and Groceries. Soap, starch, and candles, 250. '" Abstract of the Account, ih. 1628. ) Extracts from John Pildrem's Account-Book for the year No 11. I 1628. 1629. Naward. A Book of Recepts and Payments begininge 6^ November, A© 1629 Monies received of my Lord. Com. Cumbrise, ih. Com. Northumbri89. Westmerland, Yorke, and Durisme. Fines. Profits of the Mills and Com. Foreign Receipts. Bents of Mount Pleasant, 255. My Lord's parcels, 256. My Lady's, etc., 258. Pensions and annuities. Law charges, 259. Debts paid and lands purchased. Wages. Fresh acaites, 260. Salt and salt store, 261. Bewards and given to the Poor, 262. Building and reparations. Husbandry and herds, 264. Utensils or necessaries, 265. Spices, &c , 266. Grain. Wine and Vinegar. Hops and Lights, 267. Stable charges. Riding charges and errands, 268. Money lent or imprest. Rents to the King's Majesty and others. Church dues and stipends to Clergy, 269. Charges of the Mills. Charges of carrying stuff, 270. Extraordinary payments, 271. Fuel. Cattle bought, 272. 1633. Naward. Book of Recepts and disbursements begininge the sixt day of November A*' ix.^ Regis Caroli, annoque Domini, 1633 Monies received of my Lord. In Cumbria, ib. Northumber- land, 285. Westmorland, 289. Yorkshire, 290. Episoopatus Dunelm. My Lord's parcels, 291. My Lady's, etc., 294. Pensions and annuities, 301. Law charges. Debts paid and lands purchased, 302. Wages, 303. Fresh acaites, 804. Salt and salt store. Bewards and given to the Poor, 313. Build- GENERAL INDEX OP CONTENTS. ing and repiu'aUoiia, 319. Uosbaodty and hordn, 321. Utensfls Bud □BCOBSnries, 325. Spices and Groccrioa, 32! Grain. Wine and Vinegar. Hops and UgliW, 330. Stable ofan^ea, 331 Biding ohargea and oirundg, 332. Uonojlont ur imprGBt, 337. Beittfi to the King's ME^'eBt; aud otliei Church dneB and atipeadB to tbe clei^, 339. Ohargea of the Uilla. Charged of oorryjng staff, 310. HxtraordinArj pay. menti, 343, FaeL Qattlo bought, 346. Abitntot of the locaunt, 846. AoaouDt-Book for this year Com, Cnmborland, ib. Com sold of the tythea and domoanea, 349. Cattle sold, ib. Foreign BoceiptB. ib. Northumlier- lond, ib. EpiacopatuB Danelm, 350. My Lord'a parcels, ib. Children's parcels, 351. Pensiong and annnitioa, ib. Law chai^a, ib. DobtB paid and londa purcbssed, 352, Sorrante' wages, ib. Fresh acoites, 353. Salt and aolt store, ib. Re- wafds and given to the pour, 354. Building and reparations, 855. Hnsbandry and herds, ib. Utonaila and neceaearieB, »&. Spices and Groceries, ib. Grain, 3B6. Wine and Vinegar, t6. Hope, Lights, and Soup, ib. Stable charges, ib. Biding ohorfi^s and errands, ib. Monoj lent or imprest, 857. Kents to the King's Majesty and others, ib. Choroh dnSB and stipends to the Clergy, 358. Charges of the Mills, ib. Charges of carrying Btnff, ib. Gitraurdinary payments, 350. Fnel, 360. Cattle bonglit, ib. Abstract of the Aceonnt, 36L fieoeipts and disbursements for Sir iVancis, Sir William, Sir Charles, and Mr. Thomas, 362. Note of money laid out by the Accountant sinco hia Book was delivered to Mr. Brogravo (the Auditor), Nor. 3, 1640, ib. I A KarratiTB written by Lord William Howard, detailing the proceedings taJ<en to deprive his vrife, Lady Elizabeth, and her sister Anno. Countess of Amndol, of their inheritance as co-heirs of George, Lord Dacre of Gilsland I- Series of Docnmenta illustrative of the foregoing Narrative . 1. A note of such parcels of land as fell to the younger sister by division between the Countess of Arundel and her sister . 2. Orders made by Lord Burghley and Secretary Walaing- hmn, with reference to the matters in dispute between Lord Arundel and Lord William Howard and Mr. Francis Dacre e 2 Ixxxiii ■ lie ^^^H Ixxxiv GENEKAL INDEX OF CONTENTS. PAOJ 3. A narratiye of the tnmnltnoas proceedings at Morpeth, between Mr. Francis Dacre and his friends smd the adherents of Lord William Howard .... 897 4. Letter from Sir John Forster to Secretary Walsingham on the subject of the disorders at Morpeth . • . 400 5. Memorial addressed to Queen Elizabeth by Mr. Francis Dacre • . 401 6. Orders made by Judge Clench and Judge Bodes as to the matters in dispute between Lord Arundel and Lord William Howard, and Mr. Francis Dacre . . 404 7. Memorial addressed to Lord Burghley by Lord Arundel and Lord William Howard 406 8. To the same by Lord William Howard .... 407 9. Petition to Queen Elizabeth from Lord William Howard 408 III. Dedication and Address to the Beader prefixed to Lord Wniiam Howard's edition of Florence of Worcester's Chronicle 410 lY. Letter from Lord William Howard to Sir Bobert Cotton, 13 Aug. 1608 412 y. From the same to the same (29 Aug., 1608) • • • • ib. YI. Agreement between the tenants of the Manor of Brampton and Lord William Howard concerning the Tenant-right claimed by the former (4 Oct., 1610) 418 YII. Bental of Lord William Howard's Estates in 1611 . . <b. YIII. Questions concerning the state of the English Borders, addressed by the Lords of the Privy Council to the Earl of Cumberland, Lord Walden, and Lord William Howard (7 Feb., 1615) 416 IX. Suggestions offered by Lord William Howard to James L and his Council, for promoting a better state of things on the Borders (10 Feb., 1615) 417 X. Memoranda by Lord William Howard " touching the aunswear to his Ma^'^'s proposition" (Uvdated) . , , 419 XI. Letter from Sir Henry Anderson to Secretary Winwood (1 April, 1616) 421 XII. A paper concerning Loi*d William Howard and the state of the Northern Counties as regarded recusancy (Undated) . 423 XIII. Decree made in the Star Chamber with reference to Lord William Howard's complaint against Christopher BeU, Thomas Salkeld, and others (24 April, 1616) ... 425 XIY. Mr. William Morton to Archbishop Abbot (7 May, 1616) . 487 XY. From the same to Secretary Winwood (same date) . . 430 XYL From Sir Henry Anderson to oonoeming recusancy (28 March, 1616) 438 XYII. Extract of letter from Sir Thomas Lake to Seoretazy Win- wood (5 May, 1617) 48S XYIII. Letter concerning the state of Northumberland, &o, (9 May, [1617]) 494 XIX. A Beport made by Lord William Howard and others, in pur- suance of a Boyal Commission directed to them (80 April, 1618) .186 GENERAL INDEX OF CONTENTS. IxXXY PAGE XX. From Lord WilKam Howard [^prohdbly to the Lords of the Privy CotmdV], (5 May, 1619.) 447 XXI. From the same to Lord Zouch (20 May, 1619) • . . 448 XXII. From Sir William Hntton to the Lords of the Privy Council (25 May, 1619) 44.8 XXIII. From Lord William Howard to the Lords of the Privy Council (11 June, 1619) 450 XXIY. From Lord William Howard to Sir Bobert Cotton (5 March« 1621) 451 XXy. From the same to the same (6 Aug., 1621) . . • . ib. XXVL Statement relating to Sir William Hutton's accusation against Lady Elizabeth Howard, &c., drawn up by Lord William Howard 452 XXyn. From Lord William Howard to certain persons named in a Boyal Commission respecting a loan to King Charles I. (28 Jan., 1626) 460 XXVUl. Bill of fees for Sir William Howard's Knighthood (10 June, 1627) 461 XXIX. From Sir Bobert Heath to Lord Dorchester (17 April, 1629) ib. XXX. Beport concerning the visit of Lord William Howard to St. Winifred's Well (1629) 462 yiTXT. List of Border Malefactors brought to justice through Lord William Howard's instrumentality (Undated) . . . 463 XXXn. Memorial addressed to King Charles I. by Lord William Howard and others, on the subject of the remand of certain offenders into Scotland for trial (13 Jan., 1636) . 465 XXXni. Boyal Letter to Lord William Howard (31 July, 1638) . . 469 XXXiy. List of Manuscripts collected by Lord William Howard, and formerly at Naworth Castle ih, XXXY. List of certain Books and MSS. formerly belonging to Lord William Howard, and still preserved in his Library at Naworth Castle 473 XXXYI. List of printed Books and MSS. at Castle Howard, formerly belonging to Lord William Howard 485 XXXVII. An Extract fix)m " A Belation of a short Survey, Ac, by a Captaine, a Lieutennanfc and an Ancient. All three of the military company in Norwich" 487 XXXYIIL Alphabetical arrangement, showing the number of servants maintained at Naworth Castle, &o., with the amount of Wages paid to each, &o. 490 ADDENDA. A. Mr. Nicholas Boscarrock 505 B. Letter from some Italian Agent to Thomas, Earl of Arundel, con- cerning a sketch taken by Bubens of Lady Arundel and her Dwarf, &G 509 G. Kirkoswald Castle 511 HOUSEHOLD BOOKS. &o. THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS OF THE ED WILLIAM HOWAED, NAWAED. ERIS, SEU LIBER EXPENS. DOMEST. IBIDEM, A PRIMO JANU, A**. R^ R". JACOBl DECIMO, ANNO DOMINI 1612. T. WIDMERPOOLE. TABULA SEQUENTI LIBRO INSERVIENS. of Cumberland, of Northumberland, of Yorkeshire, Durisme, and '^estmorland. le Receipts. >rd'8 Parcells. die and the little Gentl. ns and Annuities, barges, purchased, its' Wages. Acaites. id Salt Store, ds. 3g, Reparations, and Woorkmen. ndrie, H cards, and Husband- 's Wages. Utensilis and Necessaries. Grocerie. Grane of all sorts. Hops. Wine. Lights. Stable Charges. Horses or Cattle bought at Naward. Ryding Charges and Errandes. Poore. Money lent or imprest. Dueties payable to Brampton, and other places. Mills. Extraordinary Paiments. Linen Cloth and Yame, &c. Carriage of Stuff from Newcastell, &c. Elding. Rents of Cumberland : — Pentecost. — Martinmas. MPTON. — March 31, 1613. Received of Christopher on, for his rent of a tenement at Millton, due at our Lady- }.y et iij^. due at Michaelmas, 1613. Received of Jo. B 5^ THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS Bell and Jo. Peares, for Bowbancke, duo the [blank'], v^., and v". due at Michaelmas, 1613. {Rememhcr to enter these 2 farmes above sett in the Accompt of Far lam). May 26. Of Mr. Marton, for the half-yeare's rent of Brampton foote, viij"., et viij". June 6. Of Christofor Ormesby, for the half-yeare's rent of his tenement, due at Whitsunday, xxx^ et xxx**. 10. Of James Crow, for the half-yeare*s rent of Brampton, x^'. xviij*. viij**, 2^ Dec., xvj". et v".,'7°. Januarii. [Summa] 50^ 18*. 8**. Harton. — 9 Junij. Bee. of Ilumfrey Knight, bayly thear, as parcell of the yssues of his office, due at this Whitsunday, 1613, vij^. xiij«. iiijd. 29 Nov. xix^^. ij^, et iij». vij». V»., 28 Decemb. [Smmia:] SOK 2\ 9\ Farlam. — Bee. of Alexander Thirlwall, bayly thear, as par- cell of the yssues of his office, due at Whitsunday last, iiij". x*. vj^. 13 Dec, v^^ xj^ ij^., et postea \j\ \^. iSumma'] 10^ 8*. 1**. 18 Decemb. Rec. of Davy Bell, for the whoU yeare's rent of one close, called the New Close, lately Anthony Bobinson^ due at Martinmas, xxx". Tawlkin. — June 14. Bee. of Bandy Milbum, bayly thear, as parcell of the yssues of his office, due at Whitsunday last, v". 14^ Decemb. iiij". xviij^ [Stitmna 10^ 6". 5^^.] Crogling. — Of Michael Sargest, for the whole yeare's rent of Crogling, due at Martinmas, x". Denton inferior. — May 31. Bee. of Humphrey BeU, of Clugh Head, for one half-year due at Whitsunday last, xx*. Jo. Turner receavcd the Martinmas rent of Humphrey Bell. June 11. Bee. of John Turner, bayly thear, as parcell of the yssues of his office, due to my Lord at Whitsunday, iij**, vij*. j*. 29 Nov. vj». xij«. [Summa] 10^ 19«. 1^. Denton superior. — June 30. Bee. of Wm. TweddalJ, bayly thear, as parcell of the yssues of his office, due at Whitsuncuky, xlviij^ iij**. 28 Decemb. xlviij". et postea, viijV j*^. Throp. — July 16. Bee. of William Tweddall, fermar thear^ for the half-yeare's rent of Throp, due to my Lord at Whit- sunday last, iiij". Of Mr. Preston for the lyke, due at Martin* mas, iiij". 18 Decembris, per quitt\ [Summd] 13*. 4*. 4*. CuMREW. — Bee. of Henry Geldart, bayly thear, for one half- yeare due at Whitsunday, iij'*. xvij.®. iiij^. 7 Nov. ix". iiij\ x*« ob. [Summa'] 13^ 2». 2^^. CuMWHTTTON. — xiij^ Juuij quitt'. Bee. of Mr. G^ige Scafe, bayly thear, as parcell of the yssues of his office, due to OP THE LORD WILLIAM HOWARD, OF NAWORTH CASTLE. 3 my Lord at Whitsunday, liij^^ xv^ ix*. ob. ; ix", viij®. ix^., et xxxvij«. ISumma] W. l^ 6i^. IMemdum. to enter the walke milne Aeere.'] Carlilb and Corkeby. — Per quitf. 1 Junlj. Rec. of Jolm Mulcaster, bayly thear, as parcell of the yssues of his office thear, due at Whitsunday, vj'*. vj^ Of Robt. Stapleton, bayly thear, vij^. v». t^., 30 Nov. etpostea, xv**., 29 Decemb. Eec. of James Clementson, for the whole yeare's rent of Constable mea- dow, XXX*., and Mr. Tho. Warwick, for the same, xxx^ Rec. by the hands of Rt. Stapleton, due at Martinmas last, per quitt'. 22 Decemb. ISumma] 1&. 12«. 8^ Wallton Wood. — June 9, rec. of Thomas Nickson, bayly thear, as parcell of the yssues of his office, due to my Lord, iij^. v". 15*. Dec., vj". xij^ viij^. et postea, xxij\ [Summa] 9K LxvERSDALE.—Rec. of Jo. Hetherton, bayly thear, as parcell of the yssues of his office, due at last Whitsunday, iiij^^ 11 Decemb. 6^ 19*. 7**., et 22 Decemb., iij^*. ij*. x^. et postea, xij*. ij*^. 23 Dec. [8umma] 13^. 14*. 7^. AsKERTON. — July 4. Rec. of Thomas Litell, bayly thear, as Eircell of the yssues of his office, due at Whitsunday, vj^^ 13 ec. ix^. xj*., et xxviij*. vij^. Dec. 31. Rec. of John Hollyday, for the wholl yeare's rent of Caresbancke, due at Martinmas last, iiij^^ [Summa] 20^. 19*. 7^. Castlecarrock. — June 16. Rec. of Humfrey Hodgeson, bayly thear, as parcell of the yssues of his office, due to my Lord at Whitsunday last, iij". x*. xiij^ Dec, viij^. iij*. vj**. et postea, X*. iij*. ISumma] 12^. 3*. 9^. TsTBRMAiN. — Rec. of Mr. Humf. Carlet for arr'. xxxv*. viij^., and for rent due at Whitsunday, iiij". x*., in toto vj^*. v*. viij^. 13 Decemb. 6^. 8*. 2^., et xxxix*. 8 Janu. Of Andrew Thirl- wall, for theShawes, xxij*. vj*^. [etjjxxij*. vj^. ISumma] 15\ 17*. 10*. NuBY. — Per quitf. 21 Decemb. Rec. of John Waynop, bayly thear, as parcell of the issues of his office, due to my liora for one year ended at Martinmas last, th^ sum of ••11 •».._ ▼ij". xmj'. 22. Hog. of him afterwards, xj*. viij^. [^Summa] S\ 5*. 8\ Crosby. — ^Rec. of Thomas Linton, bayly of Crosby, for the whole yeare's rent thear, due to my Lord at Martinmas, liij.* iiij**. — Summa reeepf in Com. Cumhr. secundum ordinem hujus Ubri ccxiij^ ob. — Ex, per Tlio. Clay, Aud. B 2 4 the household books Rents oe Northumberland. July 7, per quitt\ Received of Mr. Edward Gray, of Mor- peth, as parcell of his receptes for the rents in Northumberland, due to my Lord at AVhitsunday last, Ix^. Per qiiiW. 11 Julij. Roe. of Mr. Cuthberte Gray, for the half-yeare's rent of Nubiggin, due at AVhitsunday last, xxv". IIautwysell. — Augusti 5°. Received of John Ridley for the half-yeare's rent of the tenements thear, due to my Lord at Midsomer last, the sum of iiij'\ iiij^ viij'^. 21. Receavcd of Mr. Cuthberte Gray for the last payment for Morpeth Mills, due at Martinmas, 1612, c'^ MoiirpnH.— Rec. of the fermors of Hepscoate and Clifton fielde, for one yeare's rent, due at Michaelmas last, 500^. Hautwysell. — Per quiU\ Nov. 19. Rec. of John Ridley for the half-yeare's rent of the tenements thear, due to my Lord at Martinmas last, and for the towle, xxj^ v^. Rec. of Mr. Harrison for whoU yeare's rent of the mill thear, due at Martinmas last, v^. vj^ viij'^. IIedley AVood and Gibbs close. — Per qititf. 20 Decemb. Recy ved of my cosen, Richard Wharton farm thear, for the whoU y carets rent of IIedley Wood and Gibbs Close, due at Martinmas last, xxx^'. IIartlebourn. — Per quiU\ 20 Dec. Rec. of Peter Bell bayly thear, for the whole yeare's rent thearof due to my Lord. 21 Dec. Rec. of Mr. Edward Gray by a quitt* under Mr. Preston's hand, dated xxvij of November, xF. Per quitt\ 21 Decemb. Be more of Mr. Edward Gray, parcell of his collection for the rents in Northumberland, cxxx". Per quitt\ Jan. 10. Receaved of Mr. Cuthbert Gray for the half yeare's rent of Nubiggin, due at Martinmas last, xxv^. (this should be but xxiiij''. because I allow the xx'. paid to the Spittle and charge the Receiver but with xlix'^ in all.) [Jan.] 11. By ij bonds. Rec. of Mr. Edward Gray of Morpeth uppon the determination of his accompt at Martinmas last, Ixx^^ xvij^ x^. q. There is included in thes ij bonds xvij". more then I am charged with yeat. — Sufnma d.cccc. iiij**. xiij". viij*. vij*. q. ia?. per T/io. Clay, Auditor. Rents of York, Durism, Westmerland. Decemb. 29. Rec. of Elizabeth Salkold of Whitehall* as the ;■ 1 • The Sttlkelds of Wliiteliall, in Cumberland, were descended from a yoimgcr ' OF THE LORD WILLIAM HOWARD, OF NAWORTH CASTLE. 6 •yssues of her receavership in the Bisshoprick of Durisme, due at Martinmas last, cvij". xviij^ ix^. ob. q. 30. Rec. of my Lord part of the money brought to Thorne- thwayte* by Mr. Ward, ix**. Decembris, xV'K — Sufntna, cxlvij^ xviij*. ix^. ob. q. — Ex, per Tho. Clay, Auditor, FoRREIXE ReCEPTS. Feb. 2. Of Jo. Turner for iiij trees, ij^ vj^. 14. Rec. of John Turner as part of his coale mony, vij^^ Rec. of Cutbbert Harry- sou as remayniug upon his accompt of x"., part of the payment for the purbhase of Hautwysell, 28 Feb., iiij^ xj^. March 4°. Receaved of Richard Burtholme, by the hands of David Bell, by virtue of a warrant ad satis fac* the sum of v". xyj*. Rec. in lyke sorte of Christofer Jackson the sum of v^\ xix'. iiij^. Rec. more of Mr. Gray for his patent of the forrcst of Englewood the sum of iiij^\ 15. Rec. of Mr. Preston by Mr. "Wymond at Thornthwate, • . . . uij". vj®. viij^. 23. Rec. of Turner for dung sold in iij. houses at Kirkoswold to Mr. Bartram, xxx^ 24. Rec. of John Milburne, by David Bell, for charges about the replevin of vij cattle, vij^. ) branch of the house of Corby. Elizabeth Salkeld, mentioned above, was daughter and co-heir of Nicholas Berdesey, of Berdesey, in Lancashire, and wife of Lancelot Salkeld, of Whitehall. Her son Thomas sold his moiety of Corby to Lord William Howard, in 1624. Lancelot Salkeld, of Whitehall, states in his Will, dated 2 1st June, 1610, that he was lessee of the capital messuage, &e., of Over Conisclilfo, in the County of Durham, under the Lord William Howard, and Lady Klizabeth, his wife, for fourteen years, and directs that his wife should have his interest in it lor the first nine, and then to pass to his sons, Nicholas, Thomas, and Lancelot. lie leaves to " the Lady Elizabeth Howard one beere cupp double guilt with a cover,'* and to ** the right hon. William lord Howard onci antient standing cupp double guilt with a cover." His will was proved at York, July 28, 10 10. Thomas Salkeld, doubtless the one mentioned in this will, was living at Coniscliffe in 1625, in which year he was proceeded against as a dangerous Popish recusant. — Cf. Surtees* Hist. Durham, vol. iii. p. 381. • There are two places called Thornthwaite, one in Cumberland, the other in Westmoreland. The place of that name which so frequently occurs in these House- hold Books is in the latter county, near Hawes Water, partly in the })arish of Shap, and i>artly in that of Bamptou. It was in ancient times a large forest. Lord William Howard bought it of Sir Henry Curwen, and subsetiuently gave it to Sir Francis Howard, his second surviving son. Jjord William and his family appear to have made Thornthwaite not uufrequently a place of temporary residence, probably as a sort of hunting-lodge. Its proximity to Martindale Forest would give it great attraction as regarded the 9hace. A few red deer still linger in the wild solitude of its hills. At that time they must have existed in great number, as did also roe- deer, which are now (luite extinct. The waters of the lake, which lay at no great distance, would oifer an inexhaustible supply of fish, and its shores would be the haunt of innumerable wild-fowl. 6 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS Apr. 6. Rec. of my Lady by Mr. Wymond in bills and mony, * It ***■ * * * * A xxix". xuj". Ulj**. 7. Of Jolin Turner for 6 trees sold to John Hetherton, vj*. 9. Rec. of Mr. John Erington as borrowed for him by my Lord at London, whearof I gave him an acquittance, lij". x*. 18. Eec. of Thomas Waters, v". 23. Rec. of Thomas Byrkbeck in parte of payment for wool! bought at Naward, Ixxx". Rec. before of him xiij Aprilis for wooll, iiij^^. xiiij". KiRKOswoLD Parks return. — Per qttitf of Mr. Fetherston,* due at our Lady day, vij^\ x^, of Clement Bird for the lyke, x". of Jo. Dowson for the Old parke, due at Lammas, xiiij". of Edward Walker for the Lodge parke, due then, xv". of Row. Lowdian for the Sherif's close, due then, vij". Of Mr. Fetherston and Mr. Bowman for the half yeare's rent due in lyke sort at Lammas for the Pingle xl^ May 25. Rec. at Pearoth of Thomas Birkebeck in full pay- ment for wooll bought by him, Ix^^ Junij 1°. Rec. of Mr. W. Charleton for Mr. Hugh Ridley as formerly lent to him by Mr. Preston by my Lord's com* mandement, vj". xiij^ viij'^. Rec. of my Lord being the mony of Wm. Henderson of Brampton, xxxij^. xvij*. ij^. 15. Rec. of James Rowclich as his last payment of xliij*. iiij*. for shepe bought by him of Robert Blaky, xxiij*. iiij^. Aug. 17. Rec. of Symon Beacham by David Bell for a queat of inquiry for dammage in wood, recovered by law, iiij^. x*. 22. Rec. of Thomas Waters, xx". 26. Rec. of S^ John Mallory f as formerly lent to him by my Lord, xx^. Septemb. 1^, Per bill cane. Rec. of Mr. Albany Fetherston as lent to him ij yearcs since, viz. Maij 22, 1611, v*'. 5. Rec. of Thomas Waters to pay unto Mr. Roscarrock,} v*. * Henry Fcthcrstonhaugh, second son of Albany Fetherstonbaogh, of Fether- stonhaugb, in Nortbumberland, Esqaire, by bis wife Lucy, daughter of Edmond Dudley, of Yanwatb, in tbe county of Westmorland, Esquire. Mr. Heniy Fetberstonbaugb was tbe first of tbe name wbo came to Kirkoswald. Before tha Reformation a college of secular priests was attached to Eirkoswald Church. The building occupied by tbem became the mansion of the Fetherstonhanghi.— CSH Nicholson and BUm, Hist. Cumb. ii. p. 424. t The eldest son and heir of Sir William Mallorj, of Studlej Boral, netr Bfoon, Knt., by Ursula, daughter of George Gale, Master of the Mint at xoA. Sir Johii Mallory married Ann, daughter of William, Lord Eure. Sir Thomas Howud, of Tarsdale, ca Durham, Lord William Howard's fifth son, married a niece of Lady Mallory, viz. Margaret, the daughter of her brother Sir William Enre, of Bradley^ in CO. Durham. X Nicholas Roscarrock, fifth son of Richard Roecarrock, of Roscarrock, in Cornwall, Esq., by the heiress of Trevener. He was a learned man, a friend and correspondent of Camden and Sir Robert Cotton^ and one who " for his indnatrious OF THE LORD WILLIAM HOWAltD, OF NAWORTH CASTLE. 7 10, Rec. by the handes of John Pilldrom from my Lord at Tiomthwate, parte of mony receaved thear for wooll, xl". 20. Rec. of John Turner for barke sold at Thonithwate, xxx', 'i^. Rec. of Thomas Waters by Mr. Wymond as sent to him from George Mounsey * for Thornetbwate, xl". EiRKOswoLD Parke.— Per qiiitt.' 29 Sept. Rec. of Mr. Felherston for the half year's rent of the HoUmes due at Slichaelmas, yij". x". Rec. of John Dowhou for the Old parke, siiij". Rec. of Edw. Walker for the Lod)>o parke and firth, xv'C Rec. of Rowland Lowdian for Sberif'a closes, vij''. Rec. of Mr. Fetherston and Mr. Bowman for tho Pingle, xl'. Octob'. 13, Rec, from Thornetbwate by John Turner, xx'',, 18. Rec. from Thornethwate by Mr. Laue. Skelton.t from Mr, Wymond, xx". Ifov. 4. Rec. of John Turner for coale mony, v", 14. JEtec. of him for tbc Court at Eirkoswold, vj'. viij''. — Ba more of him for the ground at Dailo mill, v'. Rec. of Thomas Waters to pay unto my Lady, 1". Rec, of htm by Mr. Wymond to carry to Thornethwate with Morpoth mony, xl". llec. of Jlr. Wymond aa part of the wooll mony from Thorneth- wate, xl", 15. Receaved of Thomaa Litell's aonn for Crosier a fellon'a goods, XX'. 29. Rec. of John Turner for coalo mony, liij''. v*, 1''. ob. 1". Decemb. Rec. of Wm. Granie for the hay of the forrost, jwr quitt.' XTiij". iij*. s?. 2. R.oc. of John Hemingway, by tho delig-ht in mntters ofhigtorjand antiquity flotli merit a commending rflmembniQOB." So aaja Richard Carew iu bit Survey of Coruwnll. Mr. lloBCBrrock'a name not mf'reigucnllf ocoura in tlicae ilauwiiolu Booki. He aooina to bave lieen nn honoured mimte of Lord IVilliam Hotcard'a house, certainly from 1^07 (but iirobably earlier), nutil his death in 1638. A letter of his, dated " Naward, Aug. 7, 1607,'' is given in Catndeni EpistolEe, &C., ed. Tho. Smith, S.T.D., Land. : IflSl. It is not vefy accurately printed. A copy of it, carefully collated with the original, will be found in the Appendix, tt^etber with some interesting particulars relating to Mr. Boi- carrock's life, and the aufTerings he underwent on account of his r-^ligion. He wai » zealous Catholic. It is not, improbabte tliat he acted as tutor to Lord Wllliant Howard's sous. • Ib a Paper ■■ coneerainge the Lo. William Howard " (Dom. James I. il. 11), which will be given in the Appendix, George Mounsey is mentioned aa "a principall dependent of the Lord Willyam. and servant to the Countes'-e of Arrundell, at Qraistocke, in Cumberland." The Paper further states that Mounsey bud " divers children which never receyved publique Baptisme, nor bimielfe ever convcnlod before authoritie for the same." t The representative of a very ancient family, long seated at Armatbwaite Castle, in Cnmberland. Lancelot Skelton was tbe son of William Skelton, Eequire, of Armatbwaite, by Anne, daughter of John Leigh, of laell, Esq. He sacceoded hi> fatber in 1S85. He married Catherine, daughter of Thomas Dalston, of Dulston, Esq., and died Dec. 28, 1622. xt. slity-three. Tlie pedigree cortilied at Sir William Dngdale'a Visitation in 1665 begins with Lancelot Skelton. — Cf. Hutu oud NiciiolaoD, ii. p. 341. HOUSEHOLD BOOKS, &c. OF THE LORD WILLIAM HOWAHD, OF NAWORTH CASTLE. 11 Jlaiye, iij'. viij''. A pair for my Lady, ij'. viij*. 25. Paid to Jo. jacksiaa of Pearoth for merchant wares for my Lady and Jlr. Thomas Howard * by bill, yj". 26. Jlought afterwards for him, utpalel per bill, xij*. iiij". For hen-ing-bone lace for my Ladle's gown then, ij'. viij^. 27. Gloves for Mr. Thomas, xij". 30°. 3 pair for my Lady, xviij''. 3 pair for Mrs, Mary, xx^. 6 pair for the gent', ij'. Jane 5. Chainging a pair of garters for Mr. Thomas, iij'. Pointea for him, ij'. Gloves for him, xij^. Ribbin for him, xij*. To my Lady at play with S', Henry Jiedingfild,t by Clement, ix*. June 7. To Lane. Hall for xxiij daycs, v*. ix''. Thred, black and white, ij". viij*. A quarter of Jean for my L. stocldns, iij"". His man viij dayea, xvj''. Hia nag's meat a Pearoth, going to buy the gent.' clothes, iiij''. 9. A pair of white stockins for Mr. Thomas Howard, ij*. iiij*. To my Lady at play by Mr. Fenwick at Thonithwate, x". 13. Kibbin for my Lady, 6 yards, xviij". 14. A hook for my Lady, xiiij'. To the bringer, V. 15. A pair of atiirop hose for Mr. Thomas, xi)^. 4 yardes of bone lace for my Lady, v'. 23. To Mr. Thomas Howard, xs*. A pair of shoes for ray Lady, ij". yj^. A pair of red onea for Mrs. Mary, ij". 6 pair for the children, x'. Boot«a for them, vij". Glovea for Mr. Thomas, xx*. 28. iij. pair of stockina for the children, iiij'. July II. A pair of bootes for Mr. Wm. long since, ix*. D. ounce of black silke, xV. 17, A pair of stockins for Mr. Thomas, iij'. vj". 19. Gloves for Mr. Thomas Howard, iiij*. 28. A hatt and band for Mr. Thomas, viij'. D. yard of lawne for my Lady, v'. vi''. Pointea for my gent.' xij''. Laces for Mrs. Mary, vj*. Woork- ing a coyfe for my Lady, xviij''. Auguat 1". 3 pair of red daimcing pumpes for the children, iiij". 3 pair of black, iij'. 3 pair of shoes for Mr. Thomas, viij', Sootes for him, viij'. 2 pair of ahoea for ray Lady, v'. 2 pair for Mrs. Mary, iij'. iiij^, wag twice marriei His first wife was Margaret, danghter of John Preston, of the HaDor of Fumess, Esq.. by wbom be bud two cbililren — Elizabeth, who nmrried Gdward Standiah, of StaniUsh, in LBncashira; nnd Thomas, who wna slain on the Kojalist side at Atherton Moor, Junu 30, 1643. Bv his second wife, Mar;, dsnghter of Sir Henry Widdrington, of Widdrington Castle, Northumberland, be had seTeral children. From his second son, William, descends the bouie of Corbj. • Fifth snrriving son of Lord WillUm Howard, bora Oct. 14, 1596. He waa afterwards of Tarsdale, in tbe County Palatine of Durbam. a colonel in Cbarloi I.'a arm;, and was stain at Hei-s Bridge, co. Yoric, Dec. 2, 1642. He married Mar- garet, daughter of Sir William Eure, of Bradley, Co. Pal, He was boried in tbe ohnrch of Colli scliffe, in the same cooutj. t Who married Elizabeth, Lord William's eldest daughter, as bas already been meutioned. He was of Oibnrgh, in tbe county of Norfolk. Sir Henry was ver; zealous in tbe cause of Cbarlea I., and was conlined in the Tower in 1642, from whence he was released about November, 1643, Daring bis imprisonment be wrote a book of Meditations, which is still in the possession of his family.— Cf. Hoivard Memorials, p, 72. IS THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS Mending Mr. Thomas his bootes, and the gent/ shoes, xyj^. 10. To Launcelot Ilall for xxxv days, vlij^ ix^. To his man xiij dayes, ij^ ij'^. Thred, iij^ iij*^. D. yard of fustian for Mr. Wm. stockins, vj^. Buttons and silke for Mr. Thomas his dublet, xiij^. 11. Tape for my Lady, viij*^. Litting* iiij pair of stockins for my Lady, xij^. Litting [and] spinning a stone d. of wooll, iiij^ 13®. 2 dozen of pointes, xij^. Garters and a girdell for my Lady, ij^ Garters for Mrs. Mary, vj*^ Laces for my Lady, ij'l 14. An ounce d. qr. of black silko for my Lady, ij^ ij^. Pointes for Mr. Thomas Howard, xviij**. 15. Ribbins for Mr. Francis, ij^ 16. Gloves for Mrs. Marye, xij*^. 21. X pair for the little gent.' iij^ iiij^. 2 pair for Mrs. Mary, xij^. 22. A pair of knives for the gent.' x'^. Gloves for Mr. Thomas Howard, vj'^ iij qrs. d. of Devonshire kersy for my Ladye's stockins, iiij^ A yard of buckram for Mrs. Mary, xij*^. 5 yards of whale bone, x^. 2 skeenes of silke, iij'^. A kidd's skins, iiij'^ 29. Mending Mr. Thomas Iloward^s shoes, &e., ix**. 30. iij pair of shoes for the gentlemen, v^ Sept. P. 2 pair more for them, iij^ 2 pair of garters for them, xij*^. To Jeffray Nickson for woorko at severall tymcs, vij^ viij'^ To him at an after tyme, vj*^. 10. vj yards of ribbin for Mrs. Mary, iij«. 6 yards of whale bone, xij^. D. yard and d. qr. of packing can- vyse, xiij*^. 15. To Lane. Ilall for xxv dayes, vj^ iij**. Threed, xxij^. Davy Bell, iij dayes, vj^. 23. Pointes for the gent.' vj**. Octob. 3. A pair of stockins for Mr. Thomas Howard, iij*. vj**. Pointes for Mr. Thomas, ij*^, and for tape, iiij**. 4°. 6 yards of ribbin, xij**. A yard d. of other ribbin, ix**. 6. A knyfe for Mr. Thomas, xij**. 2 pair of shoes for Mrs. Mary, iij^ iiij**. 2 pair for the children, iij^ iiij**. 2 pair for my Lady, v'. 9. To my Lady at play, sent by John Floyd, xx^ A pair of shoes for ;Mr. Thomas, iij^ Nov. 4. To Lane Hall for 23 dayes, v". ix**. Thred, xvij**. 12**. 8 yardes of white cotten for my Ladie's peticote, viij**. A pair of white kersey stockins for Mr. Thomas, ij^ vj**. 13. A pair of knives for the children, xiiij**. Laces and ribbins for Mrs. Mary, liij^ iiij**. Making Mr. Thomas a pair of white stockins, iiij^ Making Sirs. Mary gowne, viij". and delivered to my Lady besides, ij^ by Jo. Turner, x". 14. Twoe pair of stockins for my Lady to Samuell, x". 2 dozen of pointes, iiij**. 17. A pair of shoes for Mr. Thomas, iij". 19. llibbening for my Lady, due long since to J. Floyd, xxj". Sent by Harry Wilson, 22 Nov., x yards of figurato t at 4". 8*. for * To " lit " is to colour or dye. Litster is not an unusual term for a dyer down to a comparatively recent period. t Or Ji(/ur el to, as il is given in nuiley ; a sort of iloworcd stuiT. The name u obviously derived from the figures or flowers which adorned tho material. F THE LOUn WILLIAM HUWAKD, OF NAWORTH CASTLE. 13 the ij little gent,' xl\n'. viij''. 8 yards of ieain [j'enn] for them, TU]'. 9 yards of wnitc cotten, v*. iij". 6 dozen of silke and silver buttons, iiij'. x skeena of silke, xv''. 3 yarda of canvyse, sriij''. To Jo. Murrey for an ounce d. of lace for my Lndye's cloake and safegard,* which wanted, sent then also, iiij'. Net- woorke for Mrs. Mary, xviij'^. vij yards d. of friese for Mr. Thomas and his nephews, xxij'. vj''. 9 dozen of buttons and 8 skeenes of eilke for them, iij'. iij''. xviij yardes of rugg for them, x'- vj". 2 yards of cloth for Mr, Thomas Howard's hrichea, xvij'. 5 yards of fustian for the little gentlemen's dublet, ix'. ij'', 2 yards d. oi' linen cloth for Ijiiing to Mr. Thomas, ij'- j^- Uec. 2. Bobbing lace bought at the gate, ij'. 4 dozen of pointea for them, xij''. 4 yards qr, of Scottish cloth at ij', Tiij'^., xj'. iv"". 4". 2 yards of course canvyse for Mr. Thomas, xij'', 3 pair of stockina for the gent,' uij'. vj^. 5. Shoes for Mr. Thomas, iij'. 7. xj. pair of gloves, iij'. viij*. Garters for Mrs. Mary, liij''. 8". 3 yards of fuatian for Mr. Tho. Howard, viij'. Jeains iij yards, iij". Buttons and ailke, xviij"". 10. A pair of shoes for Mr. Thomas, ij'. viij^. 13. A pair of stockina for him, iij'. 16. Gloves for him, vj''. 18. ti pair of shoes for the gent. x". Pins, vj°. vj''. Thred to Mr. Preston and canviae, iij'. x^. To him for needles, xij^. 19. Shoes for Mr. Thomas Howard, iij°. 21. At Thomthwate. A quarter [and] iij oimces of lace, 8'. 8''. 2 yarda d. of shag, 8', 4''. Silke, ix". whale bone, xij". canviscj x'', A yard of jean, xij*. For buckram, x". Making my Ladie'a kirtell, ix'', A girdell, iij". Pins, viij"". 23. To Mrs. Mary to bestow in ribhins, ij'. 6 dozen of buttens for the gent,' dnblets, xvii)''. 13 ekeenea of ftiUc, xviij''. To Munson of Pearoth, by H. Wilson, for wares for my Lady, by bill, sxix'. v''. — Suiitma total' liij". xvij'. vij^. — Hj: per Tho. Claij, Auditor. Pensions or Ankdi Aprill 25. To Mr. Wm. Howard,t for his his annuity for c ■ EKplninedbj Bailey as n sort of dust-ftonn, orrlillng gtirment noiu by women. It is a ttnn nlso applied to a coloured stuft' apron. t Tbird surviving son of Lord William Howard, bora in 1589, nfterwarde of BraStrton, Knigbt. Ho mnrricd Mitry, dau^bter of William Huiignte, of Saxton, in tbe coautv of Yorlt, EsqDire, $be was the widow of Iliclinrd Chotmelcy, of Bransby, in co. York, Esq., who died Intestate 160! (administration, April 3. IfiOt). Mr. Henry Howard snys (Howard Memorials, p. Ti) tbat tliere was no issae of her second marriage. It appears not iaipruliable, honever, tbat a "little Mr. 14 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS quarter ended at our Lady day last, x^. Delivered to him going into Northumberland, which my Lady alloweth as given to him, iij^. To Mr. Francis Howard for one quarter due at Christmas, xij^. x^ To Mr. Charles,* for one quarter due at Midsomer, x". July 12. To Mr. Charles, for one quarter due at Michaellmas next, x^^ To my Lord Dacre,t for half a year due at Whitsun- day, xxv^. 18. To Mr. Francis, for one quarter due at our Lady day, xij^\ x^ Nov. 19. To him for one quarter due at Mid- somer last, xij^. x^ To Mr. Charles, for one quarter due at Christmas next, x^\ Decemb. 13. To Mr. Francis for one quarter due at Michaelmas last, xij^. x^ 22. To him for another quarter due at Christmas next, xij*. x^. To my wyffe and me for one yeare's annuity due to us at Lammas last, 1613, xxx^. — 8u?nma clx". x^ — Ux, per Tho, Clay, Auditor. Law Charges. Janu. 7. To Mr. Cuthbert Orfeur J by bill, dated the vlj of William Howai*d/' whose funeral is mentioned in the Household Book for the year 1624, may have been a son of Sir William, of Brafterton. In the Visitations of Yorkshire by Glover and St. George (edited by Mr. Joseph Foster), Mary, daughter of William Hungate, is recorded as having married Nicholas Cholmcley. His name was, however, Richard, of which his administration is evidence. — Cf. Herald and Genealogist, viii. p. 24. Her first marriage to Richard Cholmeley is given in Peacock's List of the Roman Catholics in the county of York in 1604 : — " Secret marriage. Richard Cholmley Esquier marycd with Mary H un- gate in the presence of John Wilson, William Martin, Hugh Hope and Christopher Danyell in a fell with a popishe priest, as they here." As Mr. Peacock says in a note, " Here is a record of a picturesque scene. The lady and her lover dare not marry in her father's house for fear of spies, so an appointment is made to meet at some secluded nook on the wild moorlands ; a priest is ready, at the risk of his life, to perform the rite, and the wedding party return home without discovery. Such incidents must have been very frequent during the darker periods of the English persecution." * Fourth surviving son of Lord William Howard, bom in 1590; afterwards Sir Charles Howard, of Croglin. He married Dorothy, daughter of Sir Henry Wid- drington. Another daughter, Mary, became, as has already been mentioned, the second wife of Sir Francis Howard. — See ant^^ p. 11. f This must have been a payment under some settlement to the Lord Dacre of the South. Thomas Fyncs, Lord Dacre, was attainted of felony, and died 84th Henry VllL His son Gregory was restored to the honour of Lord Dacre in the Ist of Queen Elizabeth, but, dying without issue, his sister Margaret, who married Sam{)6on Lennard, of Chevening, in Kent, Esq., laid claim to the title npon ber brother's death. The matter was referred by the Queen to the Lords Borleigb and Howard, whose decision was given in Mrs. Lennard's favour. Elizabeth died without having formally allowod the claim, which was again laid before oommia- sioners appointed in the succeeding reign ; and, in the 2nd James I., Mrs. Leonard was declared Baroness Dacre. She died in 1611, and was succeeded by her ion, Henry Lennard, the Lord Dacre mentioned above. He died in 1616.— CSf. B«im and Nicholson, ii. pp. 379, 380. X No doubt a member of the ancient &mUy of Orfeor, lords of the manor of 0? THE LORD WILLIAM HOWARD, OF KA-\VORTII CASTLE. 15 January, vj". iij'- iiij*. 15. Mr. Preston, iiij. coppies of indite- menfa of Thomae Croeier and otierB at Carlyle at the Sessions, is", iiij^. To the Sheriffs for fees then, co-sas Mr. Dacre, for Inquisition, xx'. To the balj-ffe, iiij'. To the Jury, viij". To the Clarke, v'. 27. To Mr. Mangey and Mr. Crag for ij reple\-ie3 re,-giis Mr. Dacre and Catherine Bell, ij*. iiij". Jlemove of ij replevyes vi-rsm Mr, Dacre and Catherine Bell, iiijs. To the attorney for verms Jo. Atkinson, iiij". 28. 2 coppies of Jiilburne's libell, and Sargeaon's aunswear, iiij'. March 6. To Mr. Orfner by bill, iiij", xx''. To the Sheriffe of Cumberland for the returne of a mthernain and ij executions vcrsUi Burtliolni and Jackson, x". 22. To him for 2 executions versus Jackson and Burthobn, xx". 24. To the Sheriffe for the vij". recovered Terms Kirkhouse, vij'. To Mr. Mandgie, my Lord's attorney at Carlyle, by bill, ij'. Aprill 8. Mr. Fethcrstou's man writing the depositions at Bramton, versus Mr. Dacre, x'. 9. Coppy of a Declaration versus Mr. Dacre, ^Lij". 11. To Mr, Fetheratone'a man again at Warwick Bridge, xv'. The Com- misBioners' charges thear in the house and stable, two dayea together, vj'. viij". 18. A coppy of a Declaration versus Lucy Thomson, with the attorney's fee, ij". iiij*. May 17. For the seizure versus Mr. Dacre et Jo. Atkinson, iiij'. The attorney for ij dayes, xvj". 29. For ij withernam^, versus Jackson and Burtholm, vj'. To Davy Bell for his charges then, xviij'', ^0. <%i3ohn MUburn for his charges to Yorke, xx'. Junij. 2. To ■teiTulley* for coppying out totum processiim eersus Milburn, 1'. 3. Charges of a quest of inquiry versus Beacfaam, xvj*. vj''. Davy Bell's charges then, xviij". Henry Geldart's charj^os then, viij''. To Davy Bell for an attachment served on Mr. Wni. Grame, ij'. iiij". 10. To the Sheriffe opening a writt veritus Tho. Addyson, &c., ij'. vj". Davy Bells charges then, xij". 16". 4 warrants versus &. Tho, Addisons for summoning a jury, iiij'. 28. A commission versus Tho. Salkeld,t xvj'. viij''. An riambluul, in co. Cumb., which bbs in the poaaesaion of that family for ninny generations. There was a conneiion aubaequentlj between tlie Hoivarda and the (Mean. Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Charles Uonard, of Cri^lia, married William Orfeor, Esq., of Plumbland. • Poaiiibly George TuHey, of Carlisle, father of Thomas Tullie, or Tullj, aftflc. «u^ Dean of liipOQ. The latter was burn in Carliale July 23, 1620. t This probably haa reference to an attempt made in thiB year by Mr. Thomas Salkeld, Mr. Dacre, and others, to atir up Lord William Hotvard's tenants in the Barony of Oilsland to persiet in an alleged clidm to a customary estate of tenant- right for doing seiFice upon the borders. A tumultuous assemblage had taken place at Oelts-brigg, which resulted in much subsequent contention between Lord WiUiam and his tenants, in 1616 the matter came to a Hnal hearing in the Star Chamber, and Salkeld and Dacre, as tho chief instigators, were acntenced to impri- BoomeBt in the Fleet, and to be mulcted in a fine of 1001. each. One John Uodifson, who was not so heinons an oSender, had a fine of BO/, inflicted ; hut he 16 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS affidavit, vj^. Mr. Coulbume's man for his paines, v*. At the Assyses, 4®. Aug. To Mr. Wanswoorth, xx*. For iij writts and iij warrants to Mr. Crage, vij^ To Mr. Radcliffe for iij inditements, vj^ To S^ John Jackson,* for his fee there, xx*. iij men^s dinner at the Assyses, xviij^. 17. To the Sheriff for fees versus Simon Beacham, riij^ vj^. Sept. 9®. To Davy Bell for his charges, ij* Charges of the inquisition for damages inter Wm. Charlet and Mr. Dacres ; Jury iiij^ baylies, iiij^. To the Shcrief, vj^ Mr. Fetherston : — Return of a writt to David Bell, iiij^ To the baylies for summoning iuries, iiij*. David Bell's charges to S^ Wilfrid Lawson,t xi\^. 12. A replevin ■versus W. Wallys, ij^. vj*^. A bond, xij*^. !reter Bell's charges xviij*^. For an execution versus Mr. Dacre, vj*. vj**. For an attachment versus Ric. Burtholm, ij^. vj**. Davye's charges, ij^ vj*^. To bayly Dickson for arresting Mr. Wallis, xij*. To the Sheriffe of Northumberland for returning the writt versm W. Wallis, ij«. vj^. To the clarke, xij*^. Peter Bell's charges about these businesses, ij*. vj'^. To the bayly for serving an attachment v^ Lane. Bell et Tayler, xij'^. — Siwwm total, xxviij". xviij^ — Ex, per Tho. Clay, Auditor. Lands Purchased. Slarch 1®. by bills. To Mr. Cuth. Harryson as parcell of the money due by my Lord for the purchase of Hautwysell, and for drawing of writings belonging therunto, x^\ Per quitt* 8 April. To Thomas Eliot for his right in one tenement in Fenton, now in the occupation of Dennis Eliot widdow, x". May 6. To Anthony Robinson in full payment of xxx". for his tenement, xiiij". 1". Junij. To Margaret Henderson for her title in her tenement at Brampton, by quitt ' x". To Margaret Daullton for her right to a tenement in Nuby, delivered to Jo. also had to undergo imprisoument. The decree made in the Star Chamber will be given in the Appendix. * Sir John Jackson was a successful lawyer, and became the purchaser of the manor of Hickleton, co. York. He was the King's Attorney before the Council of the North, and occurs as Recorder of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1609. He married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Sir John Savile, of Methley, Baron of the £x- chetiuer, and co-heir of the whole blood to her brother. Sir Henry Sayile* of Methley, Bart., Vice-President of the Council of the North. — Cf. Hunter'a Sontli York shin?, ii. p. 136. t Sir Wilfrid Lawson, of Isel, Knt., who became possessed of that propertj by his marriage with the widow of Thomas Leigh, on whom it had been bestowed l^ lii'igh, who was her second husband. Sir Wilfrid was descended from an ancient Yorkshire family. — Cf. Burn and Nicholson, ii. p. 95. OF THR LORD WILLIAM lIUWAItn, OF NAWOKTH CASTLE. 17 Mulcaster and olhers, x". To ihe men of Niiby in parte of pay- ment i'or the right of a tenetneut thear, long since, vi". xiij'. iiij*. Septerab. 1, Paid to Mi'S. Benbrig for certain land in Corkeby and Fenton, xxxiiij". Deceinb. liH, per bill cancelled. Paid to Mr. Jficolaa Salkeld, by tho handes of his brother Mr. Thomas Salkeld, in part of a bill of Ik"., the sum of sxsv". To Cuthbert Harrysou, for John Corry, for the purchase of his assignement for the lease of HaQtwysell mill, xx". — Suinma uxlix". xiij', iiij*. Ex. per Tho. Clay, Auditor. Servants' Wages. January. — To Fergus, for one quarter due at OhristomaB Inst, x'. ly. To Mrs. Jaue Slade, for half a yeare due then, iij", %. To Anthony Yates, for one quarter due at Candcllnias, xvj' viij". Feb. 2. To Harry Bakor, for one quarter duo at Caiidell- maa, xx'. 5. Davy Hall for one quarler due at Caudellmas last, v*. 17. To Jo. Bowman for half a quarter due now, ij'. vj*. 28. To Jo. Blackbird tor one quarter due at Candellmos last, \'. To Thomas Wilson for one quarter ended xv of March, vij'. vj". March 20. To Jerome Brain for one quarter due tlie first of this month, x!'. ^'3. To Laurence Woorth for one quarter due at Candellmas, xx". To Mr. Edw. Musgrave for one quarter due at our Lady Day, xiij*. iiij". 27. To Wm. Kickson for one quarter due at our Lady Day, v", 29. To Kichard Story for one quarter due at our Lady Day, vif, vj'*. To Fergus Grame for one quarter due then, x'. 30. To io. Floyde for one* quarter due at our Lady Day, x'. Aprill. To Mabell Hall for half a yeare due at our Ladye day last past, viij*. 5. To Dcnnys Livock for i-ne quarter due the ix of March, iiij'. To tiara Turner for one half yeare due at our Lady day, xv'. 9. To James Crow for half a yedr due at Can- dellmas, xx*. 11. To Clumeut for half a year ended at our Lady day, xx'. To Mrs. Jane for one quaiter due at our Lady day, XXX'. 12, John Groome for one quarter due at May day x'. 19. To Jo. Blackbird for one quarter due at May day, v». 25. To Arthur Bowie for one quarter due at our Lady day, xx". To Thomaa Sumner for one quarter due then, xxxiij'. iiii". 26. Wm. Grame for one yeare due at our Lady day last, xK 27. To Lancelot Crow for half a yeare due the 16 of May, x". To John Bell, the bruer's boy, lor one quarter due at our I^ady day, v'. Jlay 2. To An Geldart, for half a year due at May day, x'. To Laurence Woorth, for quarter then, xx'. 3, To Edw. Armstrong for one year ended this Mayday, x?. To 18 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS Henry Baker for one quarter due then, xx^. To Jo. Bowman for half a quarter ended at our Lady day, ij". yj*^. To him for one quarter due at IMidsomer next, v^ 9. To Dennys Bell for half a quarter due long since, ij^ vj*^. To my wyfe and me for half a year due at Midsomer 161^3, x^'. 21. To Eliz. Thomson for half a year due at her departure, x^ To Leonard Eliot for one quarter due at Midsomer next, x^ To Anthony Yates for some odd weeks, iij^ iiij^. 24. To Davy Hall for one quarter ended at Whitsunday, v^ 30. To Jerome Braine for one quarter due then, xP. To Wm. Buckle for half a year ended 7°. Junij, xxvj^ viij'*. To Eliz. Milburn for one quarter at May day, vij*. vj^. To Mary J^e\l for one quarter due then, v'*. June 10. I'o Dennys for one quarter due 8°. Junij, v^ 11. To James the buttler for one year due about Whitsunday, xP. 13. Thomas Fisher for one quarter due about Whitsunday, xxv". 14. Thomas Wilson for one quarter due the xiiij of June, x*. 15. To Mrs. Jane for one quarter duo at Midsomer next, xxx*. 22. To Richard Story for one quarter due then, x^ To John Flud for one quarter due then, x^ To him for chippins * for half a year then, x^ 23. To Fergus Grame for one quarter then, x*. 20. To W. Nickson for one quarter due at Midsomer, v*. To Leonard Eliot for one quarter due at Michaelmas next, x". 30. To Mabell Hall for one quarter due at Midsomer last, v". July 4. To Edw. Musgrave for one quarter due at Midsomer, xiij'. iiij*^. 14. To Arthur Bowie for one quarter due at Midsomer^ xx^ 15. To Jo. Bell for one quarter due at ilidsomer, x'. To Clement for one quarter due then, x^. Thomas Sumner for one quarter due at Midsomer, xxxiij^ iiij^. 28. To John Rookin for one quarter due at Lammas, x^ Aug. 7. To Edw. Arme- strong for one quarter due at Lammas, x^ To Lane. WoortU for one quarter due at Lammas, xx^ To Jo. Blackbird for one quarter due at Midsomer last, vij^ yj*^. 17. To Thomas Ram- shaw for one quarter due at Lammas, xx*. 21. To Jerome for one quarter due Lammas, 22 August, xl^ 2(5. To James the Butler for one quarter due about St. Bartholomew day, x'. 31. * May not this payment have been made for articles bought by him for hoiuft- hohl use — for chepynffp, or marketing ? In Cax ton's Bokc for TraveUers a Bcnuiit who is sent to market is thus directed, ** So cht^pe for us of the venyson, 9i noM9 hargaigne" Palsgrave gives the verb ** To bargen, cJ^pe, bye and soil, mar" chander. Go clicape a ca])pe for me, and I wyll come anone and bye it.** Ang. Sax. ceapian, negotiari. The following use of the substantive occurs in the will of Sir John Lumley, 1420, " I wille yat my brothre William haue ye forsaide laudes and rentys bettir chei)e yon any othir man by a reasonable some afkre ye di8orec*oii of myn executoures." — Wills and Inventories (Pub. Surtees Soc.) i. p. 63. Caxton in the Boke for Travellers says, " he byeth in tyme and at hour, so that he liath not of the dere chej)c, du chier marchiet" — Cf. Prompturium Porvulorum, p. 72 (INiU. Camduu Sue.). op THE LORD WILLIAM HOWARD, OF NAWORTII CASTLZ. 19 To Dennya Livock for one quarter due the vij of September, v'. To Kliz. Bobson for one quarter due the xxij of August, V. Sept. 20. Thomas Wilson for one quarter due the xiij of Wep- tember, x". To Eliz. ililbume for one quarter due at Lammas, vij'. vj.'' To Mary Bell for an other quarter due then, v'. To Dennis Potter for one quarter due the vij of September) iiij'. ^1. To John Bowman for one quai'ter due at Michaelmas next, V*. 26. To W. Kickson for one quarter due at Slichaelmaa nest, t'. Octob, 1°. To John Floyde for one quarter due at Jlichaelmaa, x'. 2. Thomas Sumner for one quarter due at Michaelmas, xxxiij'. iiij''. To John Blackbiid for one quarter due at Michaelmas, vij*. vj''. 3. To Sara Turner for half a year due then, xx*. 5, To Fergus Graim for one quarter due then, x'. To Leonard Ellwood for one quarter due at Christ- mas, x'. To Mabell Hall for one quarter due at this last Michaelmas, t'. 13. To Richard Story for one quarter duo then, x'. 1 0. To Ed. Musgrave for one quarter due at Miehael- mas, ^j'- iiij''. Kov. 6, To Eliz, Robson for one quai'ter duo the xxj of this Nov., V". 9. To Arthur Bowie for one quarter due at Mieliaelmiis, xiij*. iiij^. To Laurence Woorth for one quarter due 1". Nov., xx*. 13 To John Bowman for d. quarter due 14 of Nov., ij'. vj''. To Dennis Livock for one quarter due at 8t. Andrew's day, by my Ladye's allowance, v', 16. To Eliz. Milburn for one quarter due at Martinmas, vij'. vj". To Dennis Potts for the lyke, iiij*. To Mary Bell for the lykc, V. To Mr, Wymond * for one year ended at Midsomer lust, iij". To Henry Baker for one half year due at Martinmas last, xl'. IG. To Lane. Crow for half a year duo at All Ilallowtide, x'. To Thomas Ramshaw for one quarter due at Martinmas, xx^. 17. To James Nicollaon for one quarter due at Michaelmas, vj'. viij''. 19. To Myles Scafo by Wra. Grame for one yeare's wages due at Christmas, by my Ladye's allowance, xl'. To James the butler for one quarter duo about St. Andrew's day next, x', 22. To Jeroiii for one quarter due at Martinmas, xl'. To Edw. Armcstrong for one quarter due then, x'. To Mabell Hall for one quarter due at Christmas, v'. Decemb. 14. To James Crow for one year due at Oandcllmas, xl'. To Tho. Willson for one quarter due xiij of October, x'. 16. To Jo. Floyde for one quarter due at Christmas next, x'. To him for chippins for hall' a year due then, x'. 18. To John Groome for one quarter due at Martinmas, x*. 20. To Leonai-d Eliot for one quarter due at our Ladye day, x'. 22. To my wyfe and me for our wages for half a year due at this next Christemas, x''. 20 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS To Thomas Sumner for one quarter due at Christemas next, xxxiij^ iiij'^ 24. To James NieoUson for one quarter due then, vj^ viij*^. To Ed. Musgravefor one quarter due then, xiij*. iiij*. 25. To Richard Story for one quarter due then, x*. To W. Nickson for one quarter due the same tyme, v^ To Jo. Bell for halt* a year due the same tyme, xx^ 26. To Fergus Grame for one quarter due then, x\ 27. To Arthur Bowie for one quarter due then, xiij^ iiij^^ 28. To Eobert Fleeming for one quarter due about Christemas, xx^ 30. To Mrs. Jane for half a year due then, iij'\ To AVm. Buckle for one quarter xiij\ iiij*^, and for ix odd weekes ix^, in all xxij^ iiij'^ 31. To Jo. Blackberd for one quarter due at Christmas last, vij^ vj'^ — Summa totaP, ex", xv^. viij'^. Ex, per Tho. Clay, Auditor. Fresh Acattes.* \ iij^. ad nonum Januarij. — Fowle, ix^ j*^ K^gs, xxij*'. inson, viij^ j'^ 2 pykes, xij^. Sibby, vj**. \_In all] xx*. A Robinson Lide ad 17. — Fowle, xj^ ij*\ Egs, xxiij*^. Robinson, xij'. iij pykes, xii^. Sibby, vj'^ [In all] xxvj^ vij*^ Inde ad 23. — I), samon, xiiij*^, eggs, x*^. Robinson, iij*. ij*^ 2 moorcooks, vj*^. 2 mallerds,t xij^. A black cock, vj'^ 2 stockdoves, iij *^. Fowle, ix^ vj'^ Eggs, xxij^. 3 hares, xviij**. 2 woodcock, 3'^ [In all] xx^ vj*^. Inde ad xxx Januarij, — Eggs, ij^ iij woodcocks, ix*^. Fowlo, ij^ v*^ A hare, vj*^ Robinson, xiij^ v^. Sibby, viij*^. [//* all] xix^ ix'^ Inde ad sextum Fchruarij. — ij piggs, xij*^. Fowle, ix'. ij*. E^^s, ^j^ vij'^. Fish, xj^ x^. iiij pykes, xij". Sibby, iiij*^. [/;» all] XX v^ xj'^ Inde ad 13 Feb. — Fowle, vj^ viij*^. Eggs, iij^ x*^. Robinson, xj\ vj'^ 2 sammons, viij^ iij'^ Pykes, x^'iij*^. Sibby, vj'^ yin all] xxxij^ iij^. Inde ad 20 Feb. — Fowle, iiij^ ij'^ Eggs, ij^ xj*^. 8 hens, iij". viij'L Fish, xi^j^ iij^. Pykes, xvj^. llerrings, xij^. Cockles, iij". iij**. Sibby, iiij^. [In all] xxix^ xj**. Inde ad 27 Feb. — llerrings from lirampton and Icckcs, iij*. * This term is doubtless derivable from the Norman-Frencii acat, or achat, which, so far back as the 12; h century occurs in the sense of what is bonj^ht, acceptatuniy aohete. Tlie word achator is used in mediroval Latin in the sense of a buyer or purveyor of provisions ; from whence also comes the French acheteur, a purchaser or buyer. f The common wild duck. Troi F THE LORD WILLIAM IIOWAUD, OF NAWOIITII CASTLE. 21 ij pykes, v'. I^biuson at thrive, xl". ij*. Sibby, iiij''. 'routes, vj*. One samon, v". [7m all"] liiij"- vj"", liiife ad 5 Mariij. — IlobinBon, vij'. x". YJ pykes, ij'. tj''. Shrimps, ij''. iij aammona, xj'. vj^. iiij thornobacks, vj'. Fresh cod, ij". Ro. fea twice, ij'. Eggs and leekes, xij*. 1 flamon xxj*. ij Esk Iroutes,* vj". Other troutes, vj'^. [i/ia//] sxxv' ix . Inde ad 13. — D. bushell of peasn, iiij*. D. aamon, xiiij'^. One RaminoD, v". iiij*. A pyke, xv^. His fee, xij**. 3 pykes, ij*. Troutes, viijii. ix pykes, iiij'. vj". Sibby, vj'*, Ega, viij''. [/,,«?qx.-<j-.j«. March ^0.— Laid oat by Mr. Wyinond for the Louse at Thomethwate, as by bill appeareth, fur Iti davea iij". x". ij''. Inde ad xx". Mariij. — D- bushel of poaec, iiij'. viij''. vj pyki leekes, vj*. 2 Bammona, vij'. TJ''. Rob [in sod's] fee, xij''. TroateSj viij''. [In aW] xvj'. x"!. Inde ad 27. — D. bushell of pease, iiij*. Robinson iiij juriieys, xlv'- -v^. _ xxij pykeB,_ vij". if. Troutes, xij-i. Eggs, ij'. \\ Zxiekes, vj*. oibby, vj''. [/« a//] iij''. xij''. Inde ad iif Aprilk. — Robiiison, ix'. j''. Troutes, xv^. Ej ij'. vij''. Sibby, yi''. xviij lobster and iij crabs, iiij*. "Wilki iiij'*. Carriage from the sea to Morpeth, xij'', in tola. Leekes, iij''. [Til all\ xix'. Iiiile I'd 10'". Aprilis. — D. veale head aud fuct, iiij'. viij"'. A lambe, iij'. viij''. 6 kidds, viij'. Fowle, x'. x''. Eggs, ij'. x'' Fresh fish, xvij' x"". Sibby, vi''. [In <dl'\ xlviij'. Iiij'', Inde ad 17. — A kidd, xviij''. A sydo of mutton at Thorn' thwate, v'. A syde of veale, ij', iiij''. Eggs thear, xviij' Troutes, vj'', A teele, ij*". Eggs, xij''. Fowle, xvj'', A etur- geou, iij'. iiij''. Bringiug it, ij'. iiij pj'kes, xvj''. A sammon XX''. Robinson, xiij'. ix". ij kidds, vij'. viij". Troutes, ij'', xij chickins, xviij''. Sibby, iiij''. [In nU\ xl'. j''. Inde flrf24. — 5 kidds, vij', iiij'^. Fowle, iij'. iij''. Robinson, ix'. viij''. D. of iij samons, iij'. vj''. v pykes, xyj". Troutes, vj''. Eggs, iij'. vj''. Sibby, iiij''. iij capons, xviij''. viij chickins, xiiij''. [In a//] xxxij'. j''. Inde ad xxx Aprilis. — v kidds, vij' x''. 8 chickins, xiiij*. A hare, vj''. Sibby, vj''. Eggs, iij'. j''. Robinson, viij'. iiij"". A pyke, yj''. A curlue, vj''. An other, and iij throssells, viij''. An other kid from Rand. Milburne's, vj^. [In aU~\ xxiij'. vij''. Lide ad 9 Muij. — -ij kidds, iij'. viij^. Fowle, ij' x''. Eggs, 22 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS xxij'l Butter, iiij'l A hare, vj^. A sturgeon, iij^. iiij^. Bringing it, lj^ Troutes, iiij*^. 2 pykes, YJ\ Robinson, xj'. ix'^ [I/i all] xxvij\ j^^ Inde ad 16 Maij. — 5 kidds, vlij^ i]'\ Fowle, xix^. Egg8, iiij\ vj'l Sibby, viij'l 5 capons, ij^ vj*^. 6 pykes, xviij*^. A blackcock, vj*^ Robinson twyce, xvj^ ij*^. iiij chickins, ix^. Troutes, A-ij*^. 6 geese, iij^. [In alii xxxix*. xj". Lide ad 23 MaiJ. — iiij kidds, vj^ x*^. 74 chickins, xij". v^. Eggs, vj^ Sibby, viij'^. DaA'y Gash, iiij*^. Marsam, iiij". A blackcock, AJ'l To Robinson, xiij^. [In all^ xl^ j**. Inde ad xxx Maij. — Fish sent from Morpeth, ix®. Bringing it, iiij^ xxxj chickins, v^ Eggs, iiij*. j*^. Fowle, "viij". ix**. Sibby, x^. A hare, vj'^ Robinson twice, xxxj*. x^. For a scale,* xx*\ Bringing it, iij^ iiij'^ A sturgeon, iij*. iiij^. Bringing it, ij^ Shrimps, viij'^ Bringing it [sic\ \i]^. Crosier, iij'^. iij kidds, iiij^ [In alt] iij^\ xix^ x*^. In marg. "S'. lien rye Bedingfild/^ Inde ad 6 Junij, — Eggs, ij^ y\]^, xxxatj chickins, \]^. ij*. Sibby, ij*^. 2 ducks, viij*^ 4 pigeons, viij**. Bringing them, vj*^ Fowle, ij^ iiij^^ 3 plovers and a morecock, ix**. A kid, xxij*^. 6 chickins, xij^. A sturgeon, iij% iiij**. Bringing it, ij*. viij'^ 2 curlues, viij'^. iij pontes f ai^d ij lapwings, \]^. 3 summons, ix*. 9 troutes, v*. iiij pontes, aj^^ [In all] xxxviij*. luj" Inde ad 12 Jtmij. — 8 ducks, ij'. viij^. Eggs, iiij*. iij**. xj • The seal and the porpoise were, it seems, still in favour as articles of food. Two centuries before the date of these accounts they formed part of the goodly jvrovisioii ma«le for the er.throiiization feast of Archbishop Neville at York, in 1466. — Cf. Lelaiurs Collectanea, vol. vi. p. 2. They are mentioned likewise amongst the provisions at the enthronization feast of Archbishop Warham in 150 1. — Ibid. The prices of one seal and one porpoise are stated at 13*. 4rf. each, \\\ 1525, at the marrinjje of Koger Kocklev witli Klizabeth, daughter of Sir. John X#'ville. See Kolls of I*rovisions published with the ** Forme of Cnry," compiletl alxvit 1390, by the master cooks of Richard II., privately printed by G. Grander, lis*:. In 1530 there is an entry in the Hnrsar's Hook of the Monastery of Durham vf the parchase of a porpoise, sent to the IVishop of Durham Infore the Sessions, '* post fostum qvod dieitnr ad Vincula 8. Petri," for which 15*. was paid. Another is bought of the M astro of Fame, apiinst the feast of St. Andrew in Advent, which cost 6f. 8<i. Other entries occur, giving some of the varying prices given for porpoise — 14*., ISf., and 10*. 'k/., res])ectively.— Durham Household Book (Pub. Snrtees Soc.), p. 56. It appears from this l)ook that in the same year (1530) salmon coald be bought for 0.9. a dozen, whilst the price of an ox varied from 15*. to 19f. Sometimes the ]>oqH)ise was salted. Dr. llaino tolls us (North Durham, p. 106) that " half m l>or]H>ise salted " was amongst the provision in lardarioat the monastery of I^ndis- farne (Inv. ]3()7). He also informs us that '*in Queen Elizabeth's time the sauce with which it was best eaten was a matter of notoriety, Cf. Dr. Cains, who helped to e(M)k a ]>or|xiise east U]>on the cixist of Norfolk." — Ibid. t /'(>«/ is a term a])plied to any young bird. It may be taken, generally, signifying young chickens. OF TUK LIIRD WILI.IAH HOWARD, OF KAWOUTII CASTI.E. 23 chiekins, xxij^. 2 capons, xvj''. Sibbj^ yj"^. Robiuaon, x'. vj^ [In aU]xx.\i^- hide ad 19 JimiJ. — A lambe at Carlile long since, iiij'. D, veale, iij'. Pisher's charges then, iiij''. A sammon, iij". Fowle, ij'. nij^. 5 chickins, x''. 7 chickins, xiiij''. Sibbv vj''. xiiij t:hickins, ij'. iiij''. 3 plovers, vj^. Eggs, ix''. Egga agaiue, svij'', A Lure, TJ''. 7 pouttSj x''. Eobinaon, xiij'. xj''. [lit nil] XXXV'. ix'i. Inde ad 26 J/miJ. — v plovers, x''. 3 poutes, v^. A more- cock, iij". Ewga, xvj'', 15 geese, vij'. vj". iiij chickins, viij". II morejXxij'^, SibbyiVJ". Jo. Flud's charges at Carlile, iiij", Ega, ij', ■viij^. Sibby againej iiij''. 17 chickins, iij'. vj". A cock and hen, viij". Robinson's tish fee and a curlues, \j'. ix'^. Fowle, xviij*. Robinson againe, ix'. x''. A porpoys,* xx''. Bringing it, xij''. Milk, vj''. [In nil] xlij". j''. Jn niarg. "S'. Williaoi Fenwick." Inde ad iij July. — -v plovers, x*. D. a veale and head, ij". x''. Eggs, iij". ix". 68 chickins, xij'. v". Ij heronsbewes, xij'', 0 geese, iij'. iij plovers, vj". iiij poutes, xj*. A morecuck, iij'', 2 pontes, iij". 2 sammons, v". viij^. iiij gil8y8,t iiij". Robin- son's fee, xij". Sibby, yj". [In all] xxxyj'. vj". Iiide ad x July. — viij pontes, xij". 3 plovers, iv". EggB, jviij", A capon, ix*. ix gilsea, ix'. iij dozes of flounders, and 4 of wliitings, ij*. viij''. llobiuson's fee, xij''. Maraaiu, vj". iiibby, vj". [/(»«;/] xWj". iij". ^ Inde ad 17.— Foule, v'. xj''. Eggs, iij'. iiij". Robinson twice, x\j'. vj". Troutcs, vj''. Sibby, vj". [In all] xxvj". ix". Inde ad 25 Julij. — To Mr. llarton for vj ducks, xx". iij capons, ij'- viij". xxx chickins, v'. iij", ij ducklins, vj'', Fowle, vj'. j". Eggs, iij', j". Robinson, xvj'. xj". Sibby, vj". [In aW] xxxvij'. viij''. Inde ad j-xxf Julij. — xj geese, v'. vj*. Fowle, vj". iiij''. Eggs, ij'. j*". Robinson, ix'. iiij". Sibby, viij''. A porpyse, iij'. [In all] xxvj', xj". Inde ad 7 August. — Fowle, xviij'. iiij''. vij capons, v'. xij chickins, ij'. vij". Eggs, ij'. ij". Robinson twice, s.tj'. iiij''. Sibby, viij". [In alf] 1'. j''. Inde ad xiiij August/'. — Fowle, xix'. x chickins, ij'. Eggs, ■y*. iiij". Robinson twice, xxix'. ij''. Sibby, iv". [In all] Iv'. x". Inde ad 21 Auguaii. — Fowle, iiij'. iiij''. 18 chickins, iij'. vj". Robinson, xxiij'. viij". Eeles, xij". Sibby, iiij". [In all] xxxvij'. iij". 24 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS Inde ad 28 Augmti. — ij kidds and the bringing, v*. Fowle, xvj^ iij^. ij tame ducks, xij^. 6 chickins, xv^. Eggs, ij*. vj**. Robinson, xvj^ xj^. Eyles, xij^. Sibby, vj^. [In aW] xliiij^ v^. Inde ad {{1;"", Septemhris. — Fowle, xvij*. x*^. 6 geese, iij'. xij chickins, ij^ ix'^ A hen, iiij**. Eggs, xviij*^. iiobinsoii, xv^ viij^. Eeles, xij'^. Small troutes, iij**. Sibby, iiij*. [In all] xlij^ viij^. Inde ad xj Sept. — To Jo. Turner for fowle sent from Thome- thvvate, against the Assyses, iij^ Eggs, ij*. ij^. 13 chickins, iij*. Fowle, vj^ j^. To liobinyon for fish twice, xxvij*. ij'*. To him for foule againe, xviij^. 6 geese, iij*. yj^. [//* all] xlvj^ v^. Inde ad 19 Sept, — Fowle, xxij^. Sibby, yj^. Fresh her- rings, ij*, llobinson, xiij*. v^. Eggs, xij**. Chickins, xvij^. \^In all] XX*. ij**. Inde ad 26. — Robinson, ix*. ix**. A hernshew, yj^. Eggs, iiij*. 4 chickins, x**. Fowle, ij*. vj**. to W. Bell. [In all] xvij*. vij**. Inde ad ij Octoh. — Fowle, ix*. x**. xyj chickins, iij*. yj**. Eggs, ij*. yj**. Robinson, fish and fee, iiij*. x**. viij pykes, ij*. viij^. Eeles, xij'*. Sibby, xij**. [In all] xxv*. iiij^. Inde ad 0"*. Octob. — xij geese to And. Thirlwall, x". A tur- bet, xij**. Bringing it, xij**. Robinson's man bringing a turbet, vj'*. Fowle, iij*. iiij**. John BclPs fowle, xiiij**. ij young cocks, viij*^. ij woodcocks, viij**. 5 chickins, xij**. 2 black- cocks, xij**. A groy hen, iiij**. 2 teyles, iiij**. 2 doves, iij**. Smites,* iiij*^ Robinson, fish, viij*. ij**. 4 pykes, xvj**. A burtf from Robinson, iij*. Egs, vj**. Sibby, xij**. [In all] xxxv'. vij*'. Inde ad xvj Oetob. — W. ]5ell for fowle, xv**. iij chickins, viij*. Robinson, fowle, 17'*. His man, vj**. xij chickins, ij*. Egs, vj'*. A hare, vj**. Eggs againe, ij*. viij**. One hernshow, vj'. 2 black cocks, xij*^ iij teeles, vj**. viij chickins, ij*. iij ring dowcs, vj*^ ij moorcocks, vj'*. A black cock and a grey hen, x*^. iij pykes, xij**. Robinson, vj*. viij**. [In all] xxiij*. Inde ad 23 Oetob. — 14 chickins, ij*. x**. xviij woodcock and a l)lover, iiij*. viij'*. vij plovers, xvj**. A mallerd, yj*. Eggs, xiiij**. ij capons, xviij*^. iij blackcocks, xviij**. Sibby, vj**. Kob- inson, vij*. iiij**. [In all] xxj*. iiij**. Inde ad 30 Octoh, — Larkes bought at Carlyle, xx*. Eggs, ij*. vj**. Chickins, ij*. vij**. Woodcocks, iij*. v**. Larkes again, xvij**. 2 hares, xij**. Sibby, vj**. iij sheldrakes, xij*. Bring- • Sometimes written smeetheff. The smew is meant (Mergus albellus), t Bret is tlie word mcuiit. it is a tish of the turbot kind. ■■ THE LORD WILLIAM HOWARD, OF NAWORTH CASTLE, 25 iue, TJ*. Robinson twice, xij'. xj pigeons, xvjj^. A wigcon, iij - Bringing them, tj'^. A black cock and a teelo, Tiij''. [/» all] xxix*. v^. Iiide ad vy Novembris. — iij morecocks, ix''. 2 plovers and a douker,* Tij*. ijducks, a ducker, and 2 teeles, xxj*. TJ ohickiusj siiij''. 9 woodcocks, iij'. iij"". 2 ducks and a sheldrake, xiiij". Larks, 2 dozen, viij''. v woodcocks, xviij''. One heron-shew, TJ*. A pyke, iij''. 4 woodcocks, iij plovers, xviij*. One duck, rf. RobinaoD, viij'. vj''. [/««//] xxj*. j*". hide ad 13 Kov. — viij woodcocks, ij'. Sibby, yj^. 6 dozen of larkea, 2 dokers, a mallerd, and a plover, iij*. viij'^. 3 hares, iriij''. Egs, vj''. v teoles, x'*, iij doukers and a teele, xj''. A godwiket and a redshanke, iij''. Kobinsou, fish and fee, x'. viij*. Larkea, iiij''. \Iiiall\ xxj". ij'^. For Tkornethuiate the same iceek. — Robinson for fish, viij' vj''. iiij seapies.J viij''. ij gravens, [? gray-hejis] viij''. iiij mallards, xvj*. His fee, xij''. {InaW] xij'. ij^. hide ud 20. — To Rand. Milbumo for wild fowle, xv ij'', Fowie, xij^ viij*. A hare, vj^. Dggs, vj*. Robinson, xj'. j''. Sibby, x''. \In all\ xxvij'. j'', Inde ad 27. — In fowle, vj'. vij*. Robinson, ix'. Egga ix". [/««//] xyj'.iiij". Decemb. 6. — Paid to my coaen George Wharton for ij loades offish scut from Morpeth in Lent, xsviij^ ij''. Imle ail 11 Decembrii, ij leeekes. — To Robinson for fish twice, xxiij^TJ''. Hiafee, ij'. Fowle, vj'. iiij''. iij hares, xviij''. Eggs, xviij''. [Ill all] xxxiiii*. x'*. 13. To Harry for viij hares, iiij'. /«(^i!t7(^18i)ec.—Eowle, viij'. viij*. Eggs, iiij'. ij''. Robinson's fish, xvij'. his fee, xij''. Cockles, xij". Sibby, vj''. To ono bringing cheese from Askertou, ij''. [In fill~\ xxxij'. vj''. Inde ad 24 Decemb. — Fowle, xv'. ix''. 2 hares, xij''. Robin- son, xj'. His man, xij''. Egga, iiij'. iij''. Red hcrings, vj''. v chickina, xij''. [In aW] xxxiiij*. vj''. hide ad 31 Deceinbris. — Fowle, xv'. ij^. 4 harea, ij'. Robin- on, sV. viij^. Sibby, viij''. Bringing cheea, iiij^. [/hu/^] xxxiij'. i**. — Total', iiij". ix". xvj'. \i^^. Ex. per Tho. Claij, Auditor. Salt and Salt Store. January 4. iij pecks of sault, iij'. 15. A bushell of salt, iiij=, ' Doneier and small doucker are the nHmeB commonly given to t!ie Great crested Grebe (Co i^mfitw crtstatui, Ian.) and the Little Grebe (Co/ymiM* mimttut, Lin.), respectively, + Tliisisof course the godwit. , 1 1'liu oyiiter-cutcbcr (UiEmatopat ottralegas, Lin.). 26 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS Feb. 8. ij pecks d. of salt, ij^ vj^. 11. For ij dozen of powdered* linges from Wirkington, x^ For carrying them, iij*. 7. iij pecks and a quarter, iij^. iij*^. 16. 9 dozen of hearing, iij^., and leekes, vj^^. 14. ij pecks d. of salt, ij^ vj*^. 21. A hogshead of hearings, xxxv^ iiij^. March 3. D. bushel d. peck of salt, ij*. vj^. 9. iij pecks and a beakmentf of salt, iij^. iij^. 230 heringes, iiij^ leekes, vj^^. 13. D. hundred of red herings, ij^ 14. ij dozen of powdered linges, x^, and carriage, iij^ 17. 200 of heringes, iij^ iiij*^. 3 pecks d. of salt, iij*. vj^. 23. 200 of herings, iij*. iiij^. 3 pecks d. of salt, iij*. vj^. 29. 100 of herings, ij*. iij pecks d. of salt, iij*. vj*^. April 6. 2 pecks d. of salt, ij^ vj^. 13. iij pecks and iij quarters, iij*. ix*^. 22. iij pecks d. of salt, iij*. vj^. May 4. iij pecks and iij quarters, iij*. ix*. 11. iiij pecks of salt, iiij*. 17. iij pecks and iij quarters, iij*. ix*^. 30. ij pecks, ij*. June 8. iij pecks, iij*. 16. vij pecks of salt, and iij beakments, vij*. ix^. 27. vj pecks d. of salt, vj*. yj*^. July 11. To Mr. Gray for 100 of red heringes sent in Lent, iij*. To him for an other 100 of red herings sent then, iij*. iiij^. 15. Salt, V pecks d. v*. vj^. 26. vij pecks of salt and a beakment, vij*. iij*^. Aug. 10. vij pecks d. vij*. vj*^. 23. 3 pecks and 3 beakments, iij*. ix*^. Septemb. 6. iij pecks, iij*. 13. A bushell and d. a peck, iiij*. vj^. 20. vij pecks of salt, vij*. Thomthwate. 26. X copple of ling, xxx*. 21 cople of haberdine,t xxvj». vj*. Bringing them, ij*. W. Buckle's charges, xvj*. 27. iij bushels of salt, xij*. Octob. 1. vj pecks and a beakment, vij*. iij*. 14. vj pecks of salt, vj*. 28. Salt, iiij pecks, iiij". Nov. 9°. vij pecks d. vij*. vj*. 24. iiij pecks, iiij*. Dec. 1®. Salt, a bushell and a hoop,§ iiij*. iiij*. 18. Paid to Mr. Shepard by Mr. Preston for 500 fishes, xv^^ 24. iiij pecks d. of salt, iiij*. vj*. — Summa totaV. xxx^\ vj*. iij*. — Ex. per Tho. Clay^ Auditor, Rewards. January 1. To Simon Gregory by my Ladye's command, ij*. * Powdered = salted. f Spelt according to the vulgar pronunciation of heatmentt a measure of about a quarter of a peck, much used in Newcastle and Northumberland. Mention occura of a beatmentj and also of a milner^s beatment, in an old book of the Society of Coopers, 1670. — Cf. Brockett's Glossary, s. v. Brockett supposes the word to be allied to beeiment, a supply, a ration, and derived from the verb beety to help or assist, to supply the gradual waste of anything. He quotes Piers Plowman : — " And therefore he shall begge and bidde. And no man bete his hunger." X Haberdine = stock-fish ; cod, or other fish, dried without being salted. § A provincial term for a measure of a peck. ■WARD, OF NAWORTH CASTTE. 27 To goodwyfc Turner's inayd bringing a present, xij^. 3. To John Trumpetor, v*. To Rinian Anucstrong by my Lady, ij'. .5. To Ch. Boll of the Wall, to his daughter's wedding, x*. 4. Mr. Skelton'a man, xVyK Mr. Ch. Blenorhassct's* man, ij'. 7. To tie tenants of Mawby bringing a swan, iij". 11, To Mr. Fetherston's man, writing for the Commissioners, x". 14. To iij pipers at the gatee, iij', IS. To my Lord Cnunstoun's f man bringing letters, ij'. TJ''. To Randy Dacre, v'. To the watea J at Carlyle, ij', vj''. The keeper of Grayatocb, x'. ij tenaunts of Hiorathwat* bringing xsx hi^ns, ^ ij". vj*. Mr. Skelltoii's man, ^•. Mr. Pallidae'e man bringing capons and hens, ij'. W. wrsme's man bringing capons and hens, sij''. J ti. JMr. Gent's Ban bringing 2 pigga and ti hens, ij'. To AVigham, yj''. 17. To the postboy of Thirlwall, xij*. 22. To my I>ady to give away, IX'. 23. To S^. H. Curwen's 1| iij wattes, xij''. To a pore woman • The f»mily of Blenerliawflt seems t* have iprnng frum n place of the same name in CmiiberUod, hnt for mxay gcnemtions lliey iinpcflr to have lived iii or natt Carlisle. One of t)ieiinmt was major of CHi-lrstu in ISli. '{"bomaa Itlenn^HODt repreKDteil Uiat uily in Parliament in tlie 2Ttti and 28th ol' Eliiabebb, and aicuin in the 1st of Jnmes J. In 1516 TbomHS Dalst^o, of Cnrlislc, Esq., and Eleanor, hit wift^ had B licence to aliennte lunde and tencmeots at Flimb; to John BIcnerhMset. HuDire, and hia heira. From tliat time Plimb; HitU became tbo chief residence of lU tumlly. In 1778 it was snld b; WilllBm BlenerUMeet, Eiq., to Sir Jamen Lowtber, Bnrt. Mr. Ch. Blonerhasaet. mentioned in tbe tiiit, was doubtless one of the family.— Cf. Burn and NithnLmn, ii. p. li>9. t William, first Lord Crimftuun. Ht was Cuptnii. of the (innnh to King James I., from whom he received the bonoarof knighthood, and was raised to tbo peemge by patent, dated 17 Nov. 1609. Lord Cranstoun was son of John Cranstonn, of Moriestoun, and married Sarah, the eldest of tlic seven daughters of John Craustnun, of Cranstoun. He had a charter to himself and Sarah his nifo of the lands of Lyleston, in LanacriJnlE, i Jan. 1612, and died in June, 1627. Ha was succeeded by his son John, the second Lord Crauatonn. — Douglas' Peerage of Scotland. X Jlusidana who parade tbe streets and play by night abont CbristmaB-tide, orifrinaily watchmen or sentinels. One of the old towers at Newcastle was formerly called the Waits' Tower, and was tlie place of meeting of these itinerant mnsiciana. The term is derived by Hroekett from the Mccs. (jotb. leahU, vigilia, eicubis; thfsc waits being anciently needed as a sort of watj^hmen. Wail is eiplained in Prompt. I'arv., as speculator, vigil. So in old French mails is garde, sentinelle Cf. Krockett's Glossary, s. v. These waits seein to have rambled all over the conntry, travelling long distances : e. ff. an entry will he found on the next page of a gratuity given to *' the watcs of Dononater." The higher gentry appear to have maintained " waits," aa part of their retjnue. Sir H. Curwen's " i|j waits " are mcDtioned on this very page. § Cumberland abounds in enstomary manors, some of which have hcriots, boon services in the chace, ploughing, mailing hay, reaping, &c. ; various rents, as coal, oTn, hens, eggs, &c., and on death of landlord or tenant, or alienation of the lands, incs arbitrary, fines certain, &c. The hens brouglit by the tenants of ThorntliwaiW mj no doubt be considered to have been a rent or payment in kind. Many similar fotripa will be observed in the accounts. Boon services also occor. 11 Of Workington Hall, and head of the very ancient house of Cunrcn. Sir Henry Cnrwcn was one of the knighta of the shire for Cumberland in 1620. He >™ tnice married. His Brstwife was Catherine, daughterof Sir John Ualitoo, and liis second was Margni-et Wharton, He died in 1623. 28 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS helping in the kitchin at Thornthwate, yj^. Mr. Skellton's man, xij^. 31. To the balye of Corkeby bringing rent hens, xij^. Feb. 8. Mr. Porter's man bringing salt eeles, vj^ viij^. 33. Bringing oysters from Morpeth, ij^. yj^. 14. Bringing oysters from Newcastell, xij^. 17. Lant. Jackson bringing cockells, ij*. 26. T. Hall bringing oysters, xij^. 27. To man bringing a barrell of hearings, vj^. 28. Given by my Lady to Christopher the herd at the Forrest, ij^ Given a Scottish man by my Lady then, xij^. March P. To Jo. Armestrong, xij*. 20. Mr. Marton's mayd bringing cakes, vj^. 21. To the waites of Pearoth, ij^ 25. To Mr. Adarason * sent for to Mr. Francis, xl^ To the waites of Pippon, ij^ vj^. 28. Mr. Dudley's man bringing letters, ij^. 31. To the waites of Carlyle, ij^ Mr. Sennoye's man bringing sea pads f and wilkes [whelks^, v*. Mr. Gent's man bringing shrimpes, xviij^. Mr. Lamplough's man bringing wheat, v^ Mr. Tbowlson's man bringing wheat, v^. Mr. Co wpland's maid bringing eggs, xij'^. Apr. 3. H. Geldart's son bringing a rey.J xij^. 4. To the cookes with \_a word left out\ for the iij little gentlemen, iij^ 6. To Thomas Story by my Lord^s command, xx^ 9. Given by my Lord, xij^. H. Geldart's sonns bringmg ij kidds, ij^ To J. Gray bringing a rey, xij^. Carrying a letter to Willyavy, iiij^. To Crosier carrying 2 kidds to H. Geldart's, vj^. 14. L. Warwick's man bringing a sammon to Thornthwate, ij^ vj^. To the Vicar thear, x^ To one bringing oysters, vj^. 22. To H. Hoogeson by my Lady, ij^ 25. To the herd of Templegarth house, xij^. Mr. Skellton's man bringing pigeons, xij^. Given at Askerton by my Lady, vj^ vj^. 26. To Jo. Pobinson by Mr. Roscarrock for fish lost, x^ To a pyper at the gate, vj^. 30. To Fr. Armestrong for iij foales, i^j^ Mr. Skellton's man bringing pigeons, xij^. May 3. To the post of Thirl wall, ij^ vj^. 7. To Mr. Laur, Middleton, xx^ 9. To the wates of Doncaster, iij*. To Gares Cristie's man bringing troutes, xij^. 12. Letters from my Lord by Mr. Porter's man, ij^ 13. To Ann Bell for my Lady, v^ Delivered to my Lady to give away, xxx^ 14. To Bennett bringing fish from Thornthwate, xij^. 16. To Mr. Grimston's man bringing . . . . , ij^ Given at Mrs. Fether- ston's when my Lady came from Thornethwate last, vj^ vj^. To a fellow thear, vj^. May 20. To H. Geldart's man bringing a stag, ij^ 24. To the keeper of Graystock, x^ Mr. Sawlkeld's * Mr. Adamson seems from subsequent entries to have been an apothecary of high repute, either at Carlisle or Newcastle. 1 have failed to identify him. f The star-fish. X Rha or Rah-beoji, a roe-deer. Capreus ; R. 19. Hcxaem. 9. Jilf. gr. p. 59. — Lye, 8. V. OF THS I.ORD «^LI,^A^M HOWARD, OF SAIVOHTH CASTI.E. 99 man of Whitehall, ij*. Hundy Milbtirnc's boy, xij''. Mr. iSkelltoo's man, xij". 27. Mr. Fetherston's man bringing 2 ciipous and a turky, ij'. Mr. Larapley's man bringing iiij ternsbuea and a conger eyle, ij', vj''. C'hr. Grame's man bring- ing a aammon gils and iiij troutea, xij'', 28. L, Warwick's man bringing a summon, xij*^. 30. R. Milburne's son bringing a kid, xij*. Widdow Grame's maid bringing 20 chickins, vj*. 31. Thomas Storie's boy bringing x chicltina, ij'. Mr. Skell- ton'a man, xij*. Junij 1°. To Mr. Innocent Lamplougb, coroner, for William HentJerson of Brampton, xl'. 5. To one bringing xij leymons from Mr, Cutb, Gray, vj* 6. ij bind calvea to H. Geldart's men^ iiij'. 11. Ed. Crow bringing post letters from Thiriwall, ij'. To H, GeWart's man carrying ij hind i-alfa to Thomthwate, iiij'. 12. Mrs. Preston's mades, bringing chickins, xij*. 1-5. "To Christofer bringing woords of u coult folo 3ij^, Mr. Skellton'a man bringing rabbetts, xij*. S'. George Dawlston's man bringing 20 puetts," ij'. vj*. H. Geldart'a man bringing a hind calf, xij*. W. Mr. Horde's man bringing 12 summons, siij'. iiij*. John Bewlve for bruying {_l>reti'ing'], iiij*. 28. To Harry Dickson, ij*. vj*. To J. Trumpeter, v". 30. To Mr. Sandes his man bringing sampier and gulls, t'. July a. To Mr. Haggerstoiie, v'. 9, To Widdow Grame's man bringing 5 gillses, xiji^. Ij, Warwick's man bringing 2 pykes and iiij troute, xij''. To a Scottish niun given by my Lady, v'. To George Armestrong by my Lady, ij'. vj*'. 13. To the keeper of Graystock bringing ij fawnes, \'. To Mr. Humney's Bon bringing ij other, v'. Wm. Uird's wyfe bringing cherries, ij'. vj*. Given at Armathwato by mv Lady, \'. To the poor thear, xij*. To Mr. Scott, Vicar of "Thornothwate, x'. To a musician sent from Mrs. Tayler, xx'. To the maides at Yenwith, xij*. 15. To Clement for his coale, xx'. To Harry AVoorlh for viij hares, iiij'. 17. Mr. Talbott's man bringing iiij fawnes, xs". Mrs. Bowman's maide, xij*. Mr. PuUadie's man, ij'. 19. Ecky of the Graines, ij*. 21. To Mr. Crage, xx'. Mr. I'cning- ton'a man, bringing 2 fawnes and 6 herns, x'. LcttL-rs fr<im Thiriwall, vj'^. 28. Letters from Pearoth, ij*. To the knitter, xij*. To a woman bringing cheries, ij'. June 23. To a boy of Lasenby bringing 2 geese and ij cupous, ij'. 30. S'. W. Eeade'sf man bringing gulls, xx'. July 18. H. Geldart'a man, • Tlie Pee-nit ia donbtksB meant— the Lapwing, or Biistnrd Plover (2Vin^a t or Fi^ham, in lalnndsliire, Nnrthuinbcrlnnd, Knt. Hn diG<1 In May, 161G. His will U duted March 3, 1615, and was pruvcl in IRIS. He wii! eon of Sir Williiiin Read, Knt., of Fciiliain, wlio took iia iietive part in quellinf; the lebelliiin of LeonanI Dacre in tlie biittlo foiiglit near Nawnrtli Castle. Qiiseu Eliialnitli jpivi him a lease of Feiibam. Ho was Captain of Holy Islimd and t'avue Ulaiid ill 1559. 30 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS v^ S^ W. Lawson's man bringing venson, ilj^ Sir. Skell ton's man, xij'^. 20. To one sent twice to Askerton, iiij^. 21. Mrs. Grame's man bringing capons, iij"^. 22. Mr. Musgrave's * man bringing cherries, xij^. 25. Mr. Skellton^s man, xij^. To one bringing cherries, ij^ 28. Lambert bringing mony, ij». '60. Mr. H. Curwen^s man bringing capons and ducks, ij^ Aug. P. R. Milburn's boy bringing a glasse of rose water from Carljle, vj*^. To Mrs. Pearson's man, v^ 2. To Agnes maid, vj^. 4. To Randell Dacres at the Ass} ses, v^ G. To the maydes at Thornethwate, xij'^. To the jailor at Carlyle, vj"^. Mr. ISkell- ton's man, xij'^. S^ W. Fen wick's f man bringing larkes, v*. Mrs. Sawkeld's man, iij\ iiij^. W. Grame's made, xviij^. Mr. Chr, Blenerhasset's man, xij*^. Cuthbert Mounson [ ? Momiset/^, x*. Mr. Bowman's man, xij"^. Tho. Smith, v*. 7. To my Lady to give away, by Mr. Fen wick, x^ 12. To Robert for teaching the gent*, to daunce, xl^ Mr. Skellton's man, xij"*. 18. To my Lady to give away, xx^ 20. Mr. Cowepland's maid bringing plums, iiij'^. Mr. Skellton^s man, xij'^. L. Warwick's man, ij^ Nickson bringing a doe from Thornethwaite, xij*'. 20. Christofer's man, ij^ 21. Mr. Skellton's man, xij*^. 22. S^ Fr. Duckett's J man bringing a buck, xx*. 25. My Lord Crainston's man bringing solom-geese, v*. 24. Mr. Cowp- land's man bringing plums, iiij"^. L. Warwick's man, xij*^. W. Bowman's man, xij^. Tho. Smith, v". Mr. Sennoy'sg * Probably Williiim Musgrave, Esq., son and heir of Sir Edward Musg^ve, of Hayton, Knt. Mr. Musgrave was maternally descended fi-oni the Dacrcs. His great-grandfaLher, Thomas Musgrave, of Hayton married Elizabeth, daughter of Lord Dacre of Gilsland. — Cf. IJuru and Nicholson, ii. p. 155. f Sir William Fenwick, of Wallington, Knt. He married, first, Grace, daughter and co-heiress of Sir John Forster, of Edderston, Knt., by whom he had a son. Sir John Fenwick, afterwards of Wallington, Knt. His second wife was Margaret, daughter of Wm. Selby, of Newcastle, Esq. + Sir Francis Duckett, of Grayrigg, Knt., the representative of an ancient family who became possessed of that manor in the reign of Richard II. b j a marriage with the heiress of Windesore. Sir Francis was twice married. Hia first wife was Marian, daughter of Alan Bellingham of Helsingham, Esq., by whom he had two sons, Anthony and William, and four daughters. His second wife was Jane, daughter and co-heiress of John Bradley, of liradley Hall, in Lancashire, Esquire, and widow of William Leybourne, Esquire. Sir Francis died in 1636^— Cf. Burn and Nicholson, ii. p. 112. § l*eter, the eldest surviving son of John Senhouse, Esq., of Nether-hall, of whom Camden makes such honourable mention in his Britannia : — " I cannot chuse but with thankful heart remember that very good and worthy gentleman [1. Sinhous], not only in this regard that most kindly he gjive us right cour- teous and friendly entertainment, but also for that being himselfe well learned, he is u lover of ancient literature, and most diligently prcserveth those inscrip- tions, which by others that arc unskilfuU and unlettered be straight waiei defaced, broken and converted to other uses, to exceeding great prtjudice and detriment of antiquity." Mr. Senhouse had another sou, Kichard, who in 1624 became liishop of Carlisle ; *' a very rare prciicher, as iloury as tlie spring-garden.** ' OF THE LORD WILLIAM UOWAltD, OF NAWORTn CASTLE. 31 man, t'. 31, To my Ladye's nurse's daughter, ij'. Sept, 3". Tba waites of Wakefield, ij'. yj''. Lambert bringing fowle, sij''. Mr. Skellton's man, xij". Jo. Trmupeter, v'. H. Geldart's man, ij', Mr. Bartram's man bringing peacods.xij''. 5. Given by my Lady to ij Scottish men, ij^ 7. To certain tennants bringing com from Morpeth, ij'. 10. To Mabell Radcliffe, by my Ladio'a commaund, x'. To Thomas Smith, v', Mr. Skell- ton's man, sij"^. Mr. C. Blenerhassett's man. xij**. To a woman bringing chickins, xij''. To one bringing poutes, xviij'^. To Sir. C. lilenerhaaaett's man bringing ij pigs and foulc, xviij''. Mr. Skellttin's man againe, xij'*. Sir. Tho, Blenerhassett'a man bringing larkes, xij''. 14. To a boy bringing plums from Mr. Cbr, Bienerhasaet, iij^. 19. Mr. Bowman's man bringing fruite, yj'. 23. To my Lady to give away, xx'. 2a. To Mr. Grimston's man bringing pumpions, rj''. To Mr. Curwen's ij men bringing xxx geese, ij'. To one bringing plums from Wai-nell, xij*. 26. To W. Bell, of Fowlepotts, ij*. Letters from Mr, Fetberstone, xij*. To Mr. Scott of Tborncthwate, x*. Jlr. Skellton'a man, xij''. Octob. 1, ii wives bringing ega and chickins, xx'^. Mrs. Harryson's man bringing geese, ij'. 2. Widdow Grame's man bringing geese, xij'. 3. To the posts of Thirlwall, ij'. tj*. 4. Mr. Skellton's man, xij''. Rob. Staple- ton bringing chickins and a woodcock, xviij''. To my Lord Crainstoii's man, ij'. vj''. 10. Mr. Skellton'M man, xij''. 1.3. For pigeons from Mr. SkeUton, vj''. W. Grame's man bringing chickins, vj^. 25. To Mr. Adamson for xxij dayes, and his phisick, xiij''. vj'. viij*. To a Scottish man at Thornethwate, xij*. Nov. 10. To the Keeper of Gobray parke bringing a doe, iiij'. iiij**. 14. Mr, Skellton's man, xij*". 15. Tho. Smith, xij''. 17. To Jeffray Nickson, ij'. To a tenant of my Lord of Aruu- dell's,* ij', Mrs. Blenerhassett's maid bringing huney, xij''. (Hacket'fl Life of Williama, Pt. I. p. 22. Loiii! : 1693.) Petor SenbonBe mnrricd Frances, dau<;liter of Lancelot Skoltou, of Armatlin-aitc, Esq., null died ill 1G5-1. * Ttiomns. second Earl of Arundel, snu af Pliilip, tlie tint Kurt, who whb liulf- brother to Lard William Howard. His uiotlier wiia Anne, dnujfbtcr and co-liuir of Loi-d Dacre, He was born in 1585, at Finebiiigfield, in Essei. In 1601 be wag restored by James I. to the Eiirldoms of Arniulel and Surrey, wbieli bia fattier bad forfeited, aa well as to anch titles of baronies us bad been poaaeeaed by bis graud- fither, but the whole patrimony of tbo family, with the single exception of tliu Sdssci estates, had been divided amongst the suitors for the royal bounty, llie e&tates in !iorfolli, SuUolli, Essei, and iSuiTey, the baronies of Itmmber and Ltwcs, aad their several dependencies in Sussex, were giien (1 iUarcli, 160S) in moiety to the Earl of Snilbllf and Lord William Hovrard {lib. U. f. 3i)l, at Norfolk Hansu). The Earl of Arundel Bnbaeqaeutly pnrobuaed back the portion which had Leuu assigned to his two nncles, the K;trl of SatTolk aud Lord William Howard. In 1606 lu! married Aletheia, third duugliter and eventually sole boir of Gilbert, Earl of Sliron-sburj. He was, aa is well known, the greatest patron ut the arts of bia time, aud made hii^e cuilectious of iuscribed marbles, statoury, puiutiii^^;. I 32 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS To a pore woman, vj''. To Batye goincj^ to Nowcastoll, ij*. vj*. Given at Dennis Li vock's marriage for j\Jr. Thomas, lj^ 27. To Mr. Skellton's man caching a fox,* v^. His man bringing rabbetts, xij^. Mrs. Blenerhassett^s maid bringing appells, xij"^ Dec. 17. Lambert bringing cockells, xij^. To my Lord of Cumberland'sf man, ij^ vj'^ To a pore boy at Thornethwate, xij*^. To old William thear, xij^^ 19. W. Milburn bringing ij chopping knives from E. Warwick, xij*^ 20. To my Lady Savell's J man, xx^ To one that came with him, v^ 21. To Mr. Eden, x^ To S'". Jo. Dallston's man bringing an oxe, xx". To Mr. Kirkebrj^de's man bringing iiij busliels of wheat, x*. 22. Given at Thornethwate to one that should have been porter, v^. To the parson of Thornethwate then, x^ 24. Mr. Skell- ton's man at twice, ij^. To one bringing peares from Ed. Wil- son, xij^. To ]\Irs. Grame's man bringing capons, xij**. Mr. Cowpland^s man bringing hens, ij^. Mr. liartram's man bring- ing a bowle of wheat, v^ George Litell, v^ 26. To Jo. Dlaitorne, given by my Lady, x^. 27. Given at Throp, when Mrs. Mary and her nephews were thear, to the mades xij*^, for and other works of ancient iind modern art. *' His wisdom, his ningnificcnoc, hia unbounded liberality, his taste (for ho was the first Knglishnian who anderstO(Nl and cultivated those refineuK'nts which have been since distinguished by that name), and his patronage of useful arts have been justly celebrated by all our historiuus." — Lodge's Illustrations of IJritish History, iii. 201)- 10 n. Francis Junius was his librarian. In person the Earl of Arundel is described by Walker to have been *' tall of stature, and of shajie and proportion rather goodly than neat. His couiitciiuucti was nnjestic and grave, his visage long, his eyes large, i)la(;k, and piercing; he hud a hooked nose, and some warts or moles on his cheeks; his complexion was brown ; his hair thin, both on his lifad and beard. lie was of a stately presence and gait, so that any man that saw him, though in never so ordinary a habit could not but conclude him to be a great i)erson, his garb and fashion drawing more observation than did the rich api)arel of others, so tliatitwas a comnxm saying of the late Karl of ('arli>le, * Here comes the Earl of Arundel in his plain stuifand trunk hose, and his beard in his teeth, that looks more like a nobli-man than any of us.' " — Ilist. Disc. 221 ((juoted in Tierney's Arundel, p. 487). The Earl died at Padua, Sept. 2-1, IT) 10, in the sixty-second year of his aire, and was buried at Arundel. His uuuie occurs not unfriMjuently in these Household Hooks. * Fo. es were not preferred in those days, but treated as noxious vermin. A fox chase at this period was ])robably conducted much after the manner of that which is so inimitably descriljcd i)y Sir Walter Scott, in Ouy Mannering^ as having taken place under the ausi)ices of Dandie Dinmont, in the wilds of Liddesilale. t Francis, fourth Karl of Cumberland, who succeeded his brother George in the title, on the death of the latter, without male issue, in 1G()5. Uu was bom at Skipton in 1550. J This Lady Savile is difficult to identify. Isabel, daughter of Alvary Copley, of lialley, Ksij., married Sir Robert Savile, of Ilowh'v, co. York, Kut. She was twice nian'ied. her second husband being Josej)!! Pennington, of Muncastcr, in Cuuiber- land. It is ix)ssibly she niay have been the " Lady Savell'Mn the text. It is clear that she lived in Cumberhmd, from the entries which record neiglilxmrly acts» in the way of interchange of presents, which took place lK.twcen my Lady Savile and the house of Nawortli. OF THE LORD WILLIAM HOWARD, OF :^AWORTH CASTLE. 33 horses, vj'', 30. To a man brinfpng letters from Dufton, tj',—- Summa fotal, lxiij\ xV. iiij'*. Ex. per Tho. Clay, Auditor. Building, Reparation, Woorkmek. January 20. To Rob. Ellwood for vj dayes at tlie quarrye digging stones for the orchard wall,* v'. To Bar. Marsam for T dayes, iiii*. ij^. Feb. 4. 600 of nayles, V. 5. ij laborers carrying rubbage out of the buttry, vj''. To Lane. Bird for if" dayes flooring the buttery chamfear, xvj'^. To Fr. Johnson iiij dayes, and Jo. Bird other iiij for the same, iij'. iiij^. 6. 200 of nayies, ij'. 10. To Bart. Marsam iiij dayes at the quarrye, one at Carlatton, and one at Naward ; in all 6 dayca, v". To Rob. Eliot vj at the quarrye, and one at Naward, v*. .x''. A laborer iy dayes, xviij''. 15. Carrying of boardes into the castell at Kirkoswold.t ij'. vj'*. To Ed. NicollBon for vj dayes helping * TliiB on^hnrd nail uiny probably be iJenlified witb tbo gnrdcti wall on tbs Bootli-east aide of NnwQrth Cnatle. A aliielil of anoa, oanreiHn atone over one ofits doorwaya, marks it as one of tbu ndiUUona made by liord Willium Uownrd. t The Caalle of KirkoawBld ii tnid to bare beeu oriniiBlly founded iu the twdftVa rsatoiy bj Randolph Bngayoe. By the marriage at his grand-daoghter, A<b, Ek [HSBed to Simoa MoriilUi; aid Sir Huj;h de MarviUe, in the 2nd of King Joho* obUioi-d IJecncp to fortify the tiistlo and to oik'Iobb the purl;. Tlie ptisHOanioQ* of tba Morvilles dtacended to the Moltnna, bj whom, iu the timt' of Ediviml U., thja cnstle WHS further cnlaifccd irnd fortitied. In the 7th of that soverciga'a reign, the caatle and oianor of Kii'koswalii, tlic barony of Oilahmd, and other vast eatatea, paased, by tbe marriage of Maivuret, daughter and heiress of Thomas de Multoo, to Ralph, Lord Dacre, of Dacre Caatle. About the ypar 1500 it received its lust improvementa from the famous Thomas, Lord Daere, " who encoinpaased it with n large ditch for better security, and beautifled it at great expntHt." Wlieu Lord Warden of the Westt>rii Uarches, to which he whs appoiuled by Henry VllL, Tliomas, Idrd Diicre, frequently resided at Kirkoawald. Many of his despatehes are diited there. On the division of tlie Dacre possessions between the two branchea known as the Dacrea of the North and the Dacres of tho Ijouth, the caatle of Kirkoawald tell to the latter branch, which teruiinutfid in the Fiennuaaiid Lennards. By the last of these, who mai-ricd a nutural diinghter of Chnrles II., and was created Earl of Sussex, it was sold to the Musgraves, in whose poasession it now rmuina. The plan of the castle aeeiiis to have been quadrangular, aurtounded bjr a moat which follows the contour of the castle and eucomp;isses it on every aide, eacloslDg a level area of about an acre and three quarters, nearly In the centre of vbich standa the furtrfss. A more detailed account of the present state of the mlDa than the limits of a foot-note will admit of will he given in the Appendix, taken from an interesting Paper by Michael W. Taylor, M.U., Penrith, published in the Tranaacljona of the Cumberland and Westmoreland Antiquarian aiwlArchieo. logical Society, vol. ii. part I The process of disniantling the castle was going on •bout the dat« of this Household Rook, and for some time snbaequently. A grant •ppeara to have been made, June 28, 1610, to Sir William Auatruther, of all the materiala of the decayed castle of Kirkoswald j also a lease of the land on witicb the castle stands, the gardens, &c. (Dom : James I. Iv. 51). The panelled roof of the tail St Kaworth, destroyed in the fire of 1844, came from Kirkoawald, aa nhti, in all and panelled roof atill to be seen in Itcltud 34 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS the plummer, iij^. iiij. Turner's charges thear, iiij". x^. 21. Bob. EUot, vj dayes; Barty v at the orchard wall, ix". ij^. A laborer v dayes, ij^ vj'^. 26. To Ric. Atte for iij dayes rayling the orchard, ij^ vj^. Tho. EUot for the lyke, xviij^. 28. To Rob. Burtholm 4 dayes, iij«. iiij^. Davy Gash, v. 2». 6^. George Bcckton, 4 dayea, 2^ James Robinson, 4, 2*. Tom. Ellatone, 6'^ I^art. Marsam vj dayes at the orchard wall, v". To Rob. Eliot for the lyke, v^ To a laborer for the lyke, iij*. March 6. To Ro. EUot for v dayes at the orchard wall, iiij*. ij^. To Bart, for the lyke, iiij^ ij^^ One laborer v dayes, ij*, vj^. Paid to woorkemen at Thornethwate by Mr. Wymond, by bill dated the 16 of March, iiijl^ xiij^ v^. 23. To Rob. Burtholm for hanging ij gates at A. Robinson^s, iiij*. To him for a day and half, xv*^. To the glacier at Thornethwate by J. Turner, XX*. To Mr. Preston for nayles bought for Turner, ij*. ix*. 27. To Rob. EUot for burning a lime kill at Thornethwate, xxxiij*. iiij*^. To him for ij dayes woork at the orchard wall, xx'^ To B. Marsam for iij dayes, ij*. vj*^. A laborer ij dayes, xij^. Aprill 5. iij dayes woorke at the castell making, oxe stawles, xviij*^. Setting ij postes and rayles at Kirkoswold, xij*^. To Barty for v dayes, and R. EUot other v, at the orchard wall, &c., viiij*. iiij^. A laborer v days, ij*. vj*. II. To R. Burtholm for making and hinging a yate at Cum- cach, ij*. To him for v dayes* woork about Naward, ij*. 18. To Ro. Burtholm making coopes for capons, x^. 29. Bart. Marsam ij dayes at the wall and one at the quarry, ij*. vj*. A laborer for the lyke, xviij*^. Rob, EUot for ij dayes at the quarry, xx'^. May 9. Ro. EUot for iij dayes at the orchard wall, ij*. vj^. Bart. Marsam for the lyke, ij*. vj*^. One laborer iij dayes, xviij^. 21. To the cooper for xxj dayes, vij*. Getting hoppowles * for Kirkoswold, xij*. Lawrence's charges iij dayes thear, xviij^^ Moaing in the garden ij dayes, xij*. 23. To Bart. Marsam for vj dayes, v*. To Rob. Burtholme for V dayes, iiij*. ij'*. A laborer iiij dayes, ij*. 29. To Bart. * Hops seem to have been cultivated at Kirkoswald at this time. If we may drmw an iiitorencc from the constant purchase of them, recorded in these accounts, tbeir cultivation was not rewarded by much success. 1 am not aware that they are grown for sale at the present day in the north of England. They were introduoed into England between 10 and 15 Hen. VIII., as we learn from Stowe's Chronidei. Ihillein, in the Hulwarke of defence, written about 1550, speaks of them asg^wing in SuHolk. They are mentioned in the Statute 5 and 6 Edw. VI. c. 6, 15S2; ai cultivated in this country. Tusser gives instructions for the management of bopa in March's and .Tune's Husbandry, published in 1557 ; and the remarks of Leoiuud Mascall, under the head of " certayne Dutch practises " (p. 85, ed. 1592), are detailed and curious. He appears to have been couvcrsuiit with the method adopted in Flanders. — Cf. Prompt. Parv. The cultivation of the hop in Camber- land was in all probability introduced by Lord William Howard. ^a OF THE r-ORR WII.T.IAM HOWARD, OF NAWORTH CASTI.E. 35 Jfarsam for iij dayes at the pond, ij". vj^. To liob. Eliot for one, s^. A laborer oiie day, vj*. June 14. Husbuiidraon's diet at KirkoBWold leading stones, xxxiij'. vj^. Turner's charges at thrice thear, iij". iiij''. 16, To Rich. Atkinaon for iij dayea in (he stable, ij'. vj'', 19. Eo, Burtham 6 dayca, v'. 26. To him for V dayes, iiij', ij"". 29, Rob. Eliot v dayes at Kirkoswotd, iiij", ij**. B. Marsam ij dayes theur, xx''. A laborer iij dayes, xviij'*. July 4. Rob. EUot for v dayea at Carlatton and iiij at Naward, vij'. vj^. Bartb. Marsam vj dayes at Carlatton and ij hear, vj'. viij''. A laborer at Carlatton 4 dayes and one hear iij dayes, iij'. vj''. 6. Bread and bear for xij waiues of iny Lord of Arundell'a, is', vij dayes for the husbandmen's board, ix". Jo. Turner's charges, vj'. iij". xiiij dayes for the hus- bandmen's board, xviij". For Edw. the laborer vij dayes, iij*. vj''. and James iij-, xviij''. For bear for the plummer, xiij''., and his dinner, iiij^. A sodering yron for him, ij". 9. To a boy helping the plummer, iij dayes, vj''. 10- Bart. Marsam 6 dayes, and Rob. Eliot the lyke, x^. 11. To the cooper for xx dayes, at 6''. a day, x'. 16- To Pallmer for viij dayes helping the plummer, xvj''. 31, To R. Burtholm, iij'. iiij". 31. To hiin for viij dayes, vj'. viij". To the raasonn setting up the fountain, 17 dayea, xj". iiij'. To the glacier for xj dayes, and paving, vij'. iiij''. His cliargcs to Thornctbwate, xij",, and a shoo, iij''. Bar't. Marsiim for ix dayca, vij\ vj''. Rob. EUot xj dayea, ix', ij*. Aug, 1°. To Jo. Turner by bill for woorke- men at Kirkoswold, Ij'. vj'', Davy Gash for woork at the dog kennell, &c„ xij*". 9. To Joseph for hia dyet on Saturday and Sunday, xij". 14. To Rob. Burthom for iiij dayes, iij". iiij". Richard Atte, ij dayes, xx''. 15. iij husbandmen's board at Kirkoawold for ij weekes, xviij'. To Jo. Marsam helping the pavier in the court, ij". 20. Rychard Atte iiij dayes at the dog kennell, iij*. iiij". Edm. Hetherton v dayes for the same, iiij'. ij''. 24. Rob. Burtholme iiij dayes, iij'. iiij''. Sept. 6. Rob. Burtholme vj dayes, v'. 11, Rob. EUot and Bart, iiij dayes at Kirkoswold, iij'. iiij". To Rob. one day at Naward, x''. 20. To Jo. Turner for building a cow houae at Carlatton, xlv'. To him by ij bills for building about Kirkoawold, iiij". xv". To him then for the ij husbandmen's board thear, due on Saturday next, 26 of September, vj". vj". Octob. 9. B. Marsam iiij dayes winning stones, iij'. iiij''. A laborer iij dayes, iviij". 10. Ric. Atte one day axelling waines, x". Rob. Burt- holm V dayes, iiij'. ij". 16. To Turner for woorke at Kirkos- wold, per bill, xx'. ij", 18. To Barty for v dayes, 4 at the quarry and one at the mill, iiij'. ij", A laborer v dayes, ij'. vj". 18. To Rob. Biirtbam for iij dayes and ij nights D 2 36 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS watching, lij^ vj^. Novemb. 4. Rob. Eliot ilij dayes at the quarry and ij at Naward, v®. Bart. Marsam iij at the quarry and ij hear, iiij^. ij^. A laborer v, ij*. vj^. 7. To Joseph for his charges at kirkoswold by bill, vij*. vj^. 13. Rob. Eliot iij dayes at the quarry and one hear, iij^ iiij*\ A laborer, iij dayes, xviij'^ Rob. Burtholm for one day, x^. 1-i. To Jo. Turner by bill for woork, xliij^ j^. To Tho. Fisher for repkiring the houses at Netherton, iij". 21. B. Marsam for iij dayes at the quarry, and ij dayes at Ant. Robinson's house, iij*. ij^. To Rob. Eliot for the 1} ke, iiij* ij^^ A laborer 6 dayes, iij". 30. B. Marsam for 2 dayes, xx^. Ro. Ellot one at the quarry, x*^. Decemb. 7. George Whitaker for sawing ij dayes, xvj*^. 12. 40 wispes* of glasse bought at Newcastell,xxxvij*. 14. To Jo. Bod well for xvj dayes, v*. iiij^. For a laborer 2 dayes, ij*. 3^ of soder, ij*. 24. To Dalton for bearing stones, xx*^. To Bod- well for 6 duyes, ij*. Sumnia totaf, xlv^\ viij*. vj*^. Ex, per Tho. Chyy Auditor. HUSBANDRIE, HeARDS, AND HuSBANDMEN. January 6. vj yards of sack web, iij*. Making a pair of waine blades, xviij^. 6. A waine rope and a halter, viij*^ 15. To John Foster for one quarter due the 17 of December last, xiij*. iiij^. 20. xviij gallons of tar, at xij^., xviij*. 22. To the smith for woorke about husbandry, xxij^. 23. Sauving sheep at Netherton and Kirkoswold, ix*. vj^. William's charges thear one day, vj'^* Feb. 1°. Jo. Gray for one quarter due this Candellmas, xxv*. 2. To Chr. Hetherton lor driving the plough, vij*. iiij'^. To James Blatome viij*. Ch. Hetherton, viij*. Tho. Ilutton viij*. for one quarter due at Candellmas. Threshing iiij**. x bushels of bigf and otes at Softley, at i**. ob., V*. vj*^ For windring the same at vj'^. [for] xx bushels, ij*. vj^. 6. To Rob. Crosier driving sheep iij dayes from Kirkoswold, xviij^l 8. To Francis Armestrong for one quarter due at Candellmas, xx*. 9. To Ector Rouclich for one quarter due at Candellmas last, vj*. 11. To Ric. Attye malung a plough and other woork, iiij dayes, iij*. iiij*^. To Rob. Burtnam setting up rayles 6 dayes, v*. 12. To James Nicollson for one • A certain meoBure or quantity of glass. ** Pro trilms whisps vitri ad repa- randum fenestras capellffi valdo ruinosas." — Howden Roll, temp, Henry VIII, — Cf. Glossary to Fabric Uolls of York Minster (jmb. Xurtoes Soc), p. 359. t A coarse kind of barley ; i)roperly that variety which has six rows of gndn on each oar, though often confounded with what is called hear^ or four-rowed barley. I«l. Av//.<7, barley. Su. Got. hiugy Dan. hi/g. A street in Newcastle is called tlie Biprg- market.— Cf. Hrockett's Glosnary, s. v. op THE LOR!) WILLIAM IIDWAKD, OP NAWURTU CASTLE, 37 qoarter due the iij of March, v'. 14, Greasing sheep at Kirk- 08W0M, xij'^. To Davye Hetherton for iiij dayes woorke, ij', 3.''. To liim for a barrow used about the quarry, iiij^ To Christofer HoUmes for one quarter duo at Candellmas, xxv'. To Ch. Hetherton for iiij dayes driving the plough, xvj^. Itaking a plough, xij''. 2 hauglocka, vj". One staple for a. gate, vj"". 17. Lane. Woorth'a chiirges at Kirkoswold ix dayes Betting hoppa, ix'. i-iij''. For hedging thear. ij dayes, xij''. 20. To W, Robaon for one quarter duo the v of 5Iarcli, v'. 21. To Ricbard Atte ij dayea rayling a fold at Tern house, and Robert Burihom, xvj''. Mending a plough, iiij*". To Bob. Burthom for ij dayes rayling the orchard, xx''. Kic, Atte for one day for the same, x''. To James Shepard ij dayes, xij''. Watching one night, vj^. George Beck ij dayoa, xij''. Duvy Gash, vj''. To John Bateson for one quarter due the viij of March, xx'. To Jo. Mursam for quickaetta, ij". ij''- 6 swills,' vj*. March 6. To Rob. Burtholra for v dayes, iiij'. ij''. 8. For threshing five score and xij bushela of otes at Cumcach, and xliiij of big, and 2 bushela of pease, xxvj'. vj''. 10. 4 pair of traces, x^ 12. To Rob. Burtholme for ij dayes, xx*. To the smith for woorke about husbandry by talys, xij'. vj*. 13. To ij men making a fowld at Tarn house, xvj''. 14. Jo. Bird for his wage§ making niaiilt for half a yeare due at Whitsunday next, xvj'. viij''. For dit,'hhng the Buni'o muiilt, x\ j''. 1-5. To 'Ric. Atte 'for ii'j dayea making ploughea, &c., ij'. vj"*. 21. Bushing f the setta at Brampton parke, iij'. iiij"", Hodging at Ty!e hill one day, xij''. 2 dayes at the orchard, ij'. COO of quick setts to Tho. EUot, xxj''. 23. A pair of round traces, ij''. 24. Charges of bring- ing xij calves from Thornthwate, iij'. viij''. Apriil 5. Thresh- ing at Cumcach, iiij". bushells of otes and xliij bushells of big, sxi'. Hedging the horse-close, and making the hedge between White-feeld and Black-feeld, x'. To Rowghcastell for v dayes hedging, ij'. vj^. Showing oxen at Kirkoswold, ij'. viij''. Waine cloutes, xx''. The boardc of ij husbandmen at Kirkos- wold for 38 dayes, xix'. Bushing setts iij dayes thear, xviij''. 15. To Davy Gash for harrowing, xviij''. IH. For cutting ryse J at Netherton, and dyking, vj". For dyking at Softley, vij'. For bread and bear to the tenannts leadyng ryse, xviij''. Thomas Fisher's charges, iij dayes, ij'. vj''. Rich. Hetherton ■ A Ehnllow, open basket, of very light coTiRtriictioD, usually carried ou the head. The word U still commonlj used in the northero eountiea. t Dressing or brushinif the yoong qnickset hedge, X Small trwigs or bm^wDod used for hedging. — Halliivell, s. y. The foUowing imtance is given of a use of the ^vord : — " Auon he lokjd hjiu hesjde, Aud say syity ludcs ou palferays ryde. 38 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS for keeping ewes at Cumcach, iij^. Making a fowld at Brampton parke, viij**. 19. Fetching ij pair of wheels from Kirkoswold, viij^. Aprill 24. For the husbandmen's board at Kirkoswold, 22 dayes, viij*. Jo. Turner's charges then, ij*. iij^. Shoingtho oxen, ij*. viij^. Mending a yoak, j'^. Showing a horse, xv**. For the husbandmen's board againe for xviij dayes d., ix*. vj*. J. Turner's charges againe, iij*. ij^. Making a pair of wheeles, viij*. Making a cart, vj^. For one pair of cart wheeles, vij'. 25. To Ric. Atty for a pair of wheeles and putting in ij axells, viij*. To Thomas Howe for keeping Kirkoswold parke for one half year and iiij odd weekes, 1*. To George Berton for spread- ing moale hills, vij*. vj*. 30. iij dayes woorke to Ro. Bur- tholm, ij*. vj'*. To him for making and hanging iij yates, vj'. To White for woorke about husbandry per bill, xj*. To hiin for plow gear, by tally, \'ij*. To Chr. Hetherton driving plough ij dayes, viij**. May 1®. To Jo. Gray for one quarter due at this May day, xxv*. To Nic. Snowden, herd at Hauton Lee, due since the last year, iij*. 2. To Ric. Hetherton for fowlding sheep at Brampton parke, ij*. vj'^. To Francis Armestrong for one quarter due at May day, xx*. 4. To Chr. Hollmes for one quarter due at May day, xxv*. 6. To Davy Gash for one day at Tortoy, vj*^. The ij husbandmen's charges carying powlcs for hopps, and other things to Kirkoswold, xij^. 9. For libbing * lambs, xij^. 14. To John Bateson for one quarter due the vj^ of June, xx*. 15. iiij sheep clippers, xij^. 20. Eckie's charges at Kirkoswold, vj^. 4 husbandmen's wages, James Blaton, Ch. Hetherton, Tho. Hutton, Jo. Stevenson, one quarter due at Whitsunday, xxxv*. vj*^. 24. To Jo. Bird for dighting of mault, ij^. To Ector Rowclich for one quarter due at wliit- Bunday, vj*. To W. White for bynding a cart wheeles with yron, Iiij*. iiij*^. The husbandmen's board at Kirkoswold for xx dayes, x'. For one man a week at Naward, viij*^. Hedging the orchard thear, xij^. The husbandmen's board for a weeke, vj'. 23. Turner^s charges thear, ij*. vj^. One peck of otes for ij woorke horses, ix'^ Slicing the oxen, ij*. viij*^. Slicing bay Richardes, xvj'^ A iiayle and a plate for a waine wheele, vj*^. Laying ij wimbells, vj*^. iij husbandmen for xj dayes, viij*. Turner's charges, ij*. For iij of the husbandmen^s board, vij dayes, ix*. Making iij bcdstceds at Thornethwate, ix*. Shoing v oxen, xx**. Gentyll and gay as bryd on ryse. Not a man among them i-wyse, Ik)t every lady a faucou here. And rydeue on bunting be a ryvere." MS. Ashmolc 61. xv. Cant. * Lib, v.a. cast rare ; ei>iK>ciully applied to lambs. Atkinson, in bis Clcvvlaiid (ilu3jury, derives it fi'um the Daiiisb lice j at live en kalo, to geld a culi'. OF THE LORD WILLIAM HOWARD, OF NAWORITI CASTLE. 39 Making ij axeU pins, viij''. Mending the hooke, ij''. Turner's charjjea, vj*. 8 cloufes, ij'. viij''. 24. To W. Iletherton for hedging at Curatjucb, iij*. vj''. To James Nitollson for one q^uarter due the second of June, V. 30. To Rob. Burtholme for ij dayes, xx"". June 3. To Jo. Foster as part of his wages for thia year ended at Whitsunday last, vj*. viij''. Richard Atte for one day mending waincs, x''. 8 shcepc Uppers, ij'. 4 serx^ara, xij''. 4 wool! gatherers, viij^ 11. To Arche Crow for keeping sheep, ij'. vj''. 8 aheepclippers, ij'. 4 winders and markers, xij^. iij gatherers, vj. lij kerers,* iij''. 12. Rob. Burtham x dayes, viij'. iiij^, Richard Atte vij dayes, v*. x*". ly, James Robinson mending the fenses at AJnth. Robinson's, x^-iij"". iij men dri™g hoggsf to Thornethwate, iiij'. vj''. To the botcmon for them. vj''. v duyes dyching at Nctherton, ij'. vj''. 14. Bestowed in bread and bear for leading ryso at Notherton, ij*. ij''. Shoing Hij oxen, vj'. For ij wimbells and laying one, xij"". Mending yokes, vj*", Shoing Turner's nag, xvj''. 18. xLiij clippers, iiij', iiij''. iiij winders and servers, xvj''. 5 turners, x". iij gatherers, is''. 26. To xxxvj clippers of sheep, ix*. xiiij wiuders and servers, iij". vj''. 6 wool! gatherers, xij''. X tumors, x^ xxiiij washers, vj''. a peece, xij'. xj turners, ij''. a peece, xxij''. Dyching at Hills feeld, xij"". July 6. Shoes and nayles for xx oxen, vj'. One pair of cart whcelea, vij'i l^aying ij wimbells, x''. Ringing of wheek's one day, ix''. To Jef. Gest, xij''. Mending the curt suddella, iiij'. Hedging at Brampton parke xiiij dayes, vij'. Mnaying B duye woorke at Gaimcrookcs, v'. To Ric. Atte fur ij dayes, xx''. 10. iiij oxen bowes, iiij''. 11. A horse roller, iiij''. xix gallons and a pottle of tar for Thornethwate, xiiij'. Carriage of it, iiij'. 16, To Christofer Ilollmea for one quarter due at Jjuminas, xxv'. 18. Thomas Button viij duyes helping the plummer &c., xvj''. B. ilarsam 6 duyes and Ro. Burthom other 6, x'. iiij oxo bowes, iiij''. Aug. 1". Anthony Pott, herd of Hurtloburn, for one quarter due the xxij of August, xx". To Lane. liivock for moving and making hay about Naward, iiij". 2. To Francis Armestrong for one quarter due at Lammas, xx". Bestowed in * Tlii* mutt bi' :i ■■ ■ "-v nil' ill 111 1- vivil. I hm-e not toiiiiU it in any Gloafiary ■liichlLavL' o'l '' ' M" ' ' ' I ' i.'iKiiipliiibedBatlioraf tbD Clere/imd GioMory, fill;:., I .11 (liB persoue enipiojed to ntWndto tlie ihccp wljii )i : I - of I'lipping, cut b; the ehears, or olIiETH-ijL- hint I ;;..;...■, I ■■!. .11 .■■ .i;-,.|ueiitly needed the HpplicHtion of i^iii ' AM'fr, lie tliiiiK^t, n^iiild be a safe derivative from tbeA.S* t . iK ^ute from It Inmb to its iirst Bhoncing^i aflcr which it ii nliitiii^- to tilt iijeii,i,>t'i.Tj (if W.'uriiioutli, A.D. 1337, the iiinnkB, ill Jcscribiiig ulietp of tbij sort, usu tile Lurburuus Liilin nonl hoggnstri. — Di'ockett's tilosBiiij', a. v. 40 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS bread and bear on the King's tenants leading hay, xiiij*. 6—^ To Richard Atte for iij dayes d. iij*. Rob. Burtholin for iij~ dayes, ij*. vj*^. Leonell Bell xiij dayes about hay, vj". vj^. Tho- BuUman the lyke, iiij^ iiij^. Tho. Hutton xiiij dayes, ij". iiij^- His wyfe, xij dayes, iii]^ Richard Hetherton, iij dayes, x^dij* iiij rakers in Barkam, iiij^. Tho. Hutton carrying sand and stone in the court 4 days, viij^. James Blaitorn, ^'iij■. Ch. Hetherton, viij^ Jo. Stevenson, vij^. for one quarter due at Lammas, xxiij^ 7. Wynning and leading the hay at Kem- crookes, ij \ To John -Gray for one quarter ended at Lammas, xxv*. 11. To Jo. Foster, part of his yeare's wages, being v nobles* due to him at Whitsunday next, 1614, xiij^ iiij . To Rob. Crosier mowing hay ij dayes, viij^. To him fetching black potts at Kirkoswold, vj'*. To John Bird for one quarter due at Lammas, viij^ iiij'^. To Eckye for one quarter due the same tyme, vj^ 15. To Thomas Fisher for one quarter due at Bartholomew tyde next, xxv^. LyoncU Bell iij dayes, xij^. l$ullman, xij'^ Ilutton's wyfe, xij'^. Thomas Hutton iij dayes at hay, vj^. To Ch. Hetherton for ij dayes, viij^. 24. Clipping lambs at the for rest, iij^ iiij^^ To a man bringing a stray sheep, xij^^ Tho. Fisher's charges at Softley about the hay, ij'. His churges at Carlyle and Peroth, xij*^. To Richard Hetherton for vij dayes at hay, iij^ vj^. 26. To the smith by a taylie [tally] for husbandry woork, v^. 27. Sheering at Cumcach, 8 woork- i»)en, iiij^ 28. Shearing thear againe, xv [laorkmen'] vij". vj^, Sept. 2". To Eckye for iiij odd weekes, ij^ LyoneU Bell iij dayes mowing hay, xij'^ Tho. Hutton, v dayes, x**. His wyfe, 4 dayes, xvj^. 3. T. Bullman, iij dayes, xij*^. Cutting iiij f udder t of wood at Brampton parke, viij*^ To W. Robson for one quarter due at Bartholomew tyde, v^ 13. To George Becton, James Shepard, and W. Hetherton, for moying and making tho hay in Barkham and Cumcach, vj^\ x^ 23. Bread and bear bestowed for topping hay stocks, xvj'*. 26. Rio. Atte payling in the orchard one day, x*^. To Thomas Fisher for sherers by bill, Ivij^ vj*^. Rob. Burtholm for one day, x*^. October 3. 16 gallonds and a pottle of tar, xj'. Bringing it * A iKjble = Gs. 8d. t Father, a cart-load. Brocket t (Gloasary, s. v.) says, that in Newcastle, when applied to coals, it means as uiaiiy as a two-borse cart can cart'y. Sax. yb<A«r. A f other of lead wcic^hs 21 cwt. " With him there was a Plowman, was his brother, That haddc ylaid of dong ful many b /other" Chaucer. — Tke Prologe, '* For Katie Unsell was my mother And common Thief my father-brother; Of sic friendship I had amcjkther" Lyndaay'a Three EttaUi$. OF THE LORD WILLIAM HOWARD, OF NA WORTH CASTLE. 41 from Newcastell, iiij^ 4. Shering in Horseclose, xv sherers, '^j'« '^j^' Getting brakin* in Brampton parke, iiij^. iiij^. 21. Lionell Bell viij dayes mowing come, ij^. viij^. James Shepard V [days], xx^. Thomas Hutton, iiij dayes at the same, xvj^. [Nov.] 6. To William Robson for one quarter due at Martinmas, t". 9. Lane. Gardener's charges at Kirkoswold, ij*. 10. Ri. Atte, iij dayes, ij^ vj^. Rob. Burtholm, v*. 11. To xiij for moying brakens in Brampton parke, iiij^. iiij*^. To a thacker at Cumcach barn and mill, 8 dayes, v*. iiij^. To a server, 8 dayes, ij". viij*^. Cutting of wood, ij dayes, viij^. 12. To Jo. Gray for one quarter due at Martinmas, xxv^. 13. To Lancelott Thomson for one quarter due the xvj of October last, xx^ 14. To Christofer for one quarter due at AllhoUowday, xxv^. 15. To John Bird for one quarter due at Martinmas, viij^ iiij^. To him for his board for this present weeke, iij^. 17. James Blaitorne, viij^. Ch. Hetherton, viij^ John Stephenson, vij^. due at Martinmas. 21. ij costrellsf of tar of 17 gallons and a pottle, xj*. Carriage of yt, v^. 4®. Decemb. To Jo. Bird for ij weekes board, vj^. To James Bird for ix dayes, iiij*. vj^. Edw. Nicollson for v dayes, ij*. vj^. Shoing oxen, xij'^. Mend- ing an yron wheele, ij*. Turner's charges then, ij*. viij^. xxx yards of sacking bought at Carlyle, xiiij*. vj**. 3 locks, xij^. 6. To Fisher for greasers of sheep, xxxij*. 8. To Chr. Hetherton for iij dayes, x^. 11* iiij hallters, xij^. To Thomas Fisher for one quarter due about St. Andrew's day last, xxv*. 19. To Thomas Fishers for xj dayes woorke getting meadow at Softley, V*. A shoe for Hetherton's nag cumming from Thornthwate, and for one daye's woorke to him at Cumcach, 4^^. vij^. 22. Davey Gash going to Croglin with the cart, iiij*^. 23. Woorke about the husbandry, iiij*^ v^. 24. Mending the high way at the quarry, xij^. Summa toiaC. iiijxx. vj^^ xix*. v*. Ex, per Tho. Clay, Auditor. TJtensiles or Necessaries. January 10. A pound of pack thred for to sow sacks, viij*^. 16. Turpentine, xij**. Treacle, xij^. Frankincense, vj^. A bottle of ynck, ij*. 2 dozen of trenchers, xvj^. A pound of twine, viij*^. xij yards of ynckle, vj^. To Harry Baker to bestow in eyst, [yeasW] v*. 16. To a tinker, xviij^. 20 gallons of vinegar at 8^. xiiij*. [s/c]. 22. To the smith by bill, * The common fern, often cut in the autumn, and used as bedding for cattle. t A coslrell is a small cask, equivalent, apparently, to a firkin, or nearly so, as regards the measure of its contents. 42 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS xx^. 23. A fctherbed tike, bought at Thornethwate, xj^. . 27. To my wyfe for ashes,* v^ 29. To a cooper for woorke in the wash house, iiij^. Feb. 4. A knyfe for the butcher, ij*^. AUume for my Lady, iij^. 13. To Lane. Hall for xxv dayes, TJ". iij**. Threcd, xxij*^. A yard of fustian for my Lord^s stockins, xij*^. Scouring same, viij'l 22. Eest for my wyfe, ij*^. Brown paper for my Lord, ij*^. 28. A pound of pack threed and a half, ii'. iiij*^. 3 glasses, vj^ March 1. A quier of paper, iiij*^. 2. lij swills for the hogherd, iij*^. 5. Eyst to make simnells^t ij • 9. Powder for the gentlemen, viij". 21 gallons of vineger, xii^j^ 12. To the coopers at Kirkoswold for xj dayes hewing timber for 2 fatts, xxij^ To the smith by bill, v^]'*. 17. For iij coverletts bought at Thornthwate, xxv^ iiij**. 20. A strayner for the kichen, x^. 24. A pannellj for the baker, viij*^. 26. To my wyfe to bestow in ashes, v^ A stone of chawke for the buttry plate, iiij^. 30. Brimstone for the horses, ij**. April 3. 2 otter stancs§ for Mr. Francis and Mr. Wm., ij^ A lock and bandes for the bin in the hall, xij*^. A bowlter || for the baker, xiiij^. 5. ij hanglocks at Naward, yj^. 13. Blue starch at Thornthwate, iij*^. W. Buckle's charges at Pearoth, vj*. 22. xxj gallons of vineger at 8^. a gallon, xiiij"*. 28. Blue starch, xiiij*^. May 9. Setting on iiij shoes on my Lady's mayer, iiij^. 14. Eyst for the baker, viij^. 16. A syth for the stable, xvj*^. 21. ij ounces of mastick ij^. iiij**. 24. x gallons and a pottle of vineger, vij^ 17 gallons of tar, xij*. vj'^ 29. Blue starch, ij*^. 3 quills to draw wine, vj**. June 2. 2 yardes for a strainer for the kichen, xij^. 4 swills, and some quills 2^., vj^. 11. Blue starch bought at Brampton and Carlyle, viij^^. 17. 200 of nayles, ij«. Rushes,11 ij**. 18. A course bulter of iij yards, xij'L iiij removes for H. Baker's nag, iiij*^ 20. 100 of nayles, viij"^. 29. Eed wax bought at Pearoth, xij''. July 2. To my wyfe for ashes, v^ xxj gallons of vineger, xiiij". A costrell of tar, vj^ Carriage of them, vj^. Carriage of half a load of grocery, c^c, ij^ vj^. 4. For glasses, xij**. A pint of ynck bought at Carlyle, viij^. 10. To James Crow for a lock to W. Henderson's house, x'^ To him for powder for to kill varmin at the warren, ij^ vj'^ iiij swills, iiij**. 11. Hooks and bandes for the dog kennell doer, viij^. A lock for the wine seller doer, vj^. A toole for the plummer, viij**. Cherries * Wood ashes, much uRed for mixing with water, in order to make a lixiviom for washing and scouring clothes. f Cakes or buns made of the finest flour. The word is still used in Yorksbirc. j Probably a board to carry his loaves on. § C)tter-spcars. II A coarse cloth, for hoUiiig or silting meal. ^ For strewing iu the great hall, the gallery, and the chamben. OF THE LORD WILLIAM HOWAHU, OF NAWOUTH C.VSTLE. 43 bought at Pcaroth, iij*. A pottle of jiick bought at Newcaatell, ij". iij yardes of boulter, ij". vj^. A ream of paper, v'. A bottle of oyle, iij'. iiij''. A coatrell for clarett wine, xviij'', ij dozen of trenchers, iiij'. 6 bedcordes, iij'. ij waine ropes, iiij". Hogshead of London bear bought at Neweaatell, xxiiij*. 2 quiere of dymy paper for Mr. Swinerton, xyj*. A stock for a gun, and mending it, iiij'. 15. A lock and a key for the coachman's stable, xvjd. 16. 4'', of rosom and pich for the fouiitaync, ij'. ij''. 17. RuBhea, vj*". 18. For cherries, ij'. 6 swills, vj''. 28. A dozen of case knives, viij'. 2 glasses for Cuerlyle honBP,* vj''. Aug. 1°. Scouring sand, viij". To the finiith by bill for odd workes, v°. iij''. 2 Elasaca, vj^. 9. Mend- ing the silver voydorf at Carlyle.vj'. viij''. 11. To tho cooper mending tubba in the stable, iiij''. 15. xxj gallons of vineger, liiij*. 16. 2 knives for the buttry, vj''. A shoe for the butcher's horse, iiij''. Carlyle Fayr : — Aug. 16. Chainging a morter, Tij'. vj''. A littell braaae pot, vj'. A akellett,^ vj'. 6 cundellsticks, ij'. vj''. 3 basons, v". x^. 2 salltes, viij''. Arthuro's 4 charges then, xiii/. 17. Indioo bought at Brampton, 2 oz. ' svj''. 19. 2 chamberpotts, iiij'. viij''. 21. A lock for tho ele arke at Taukin torn, vj*. 5 quarters of harden § for a Trallet for the eeles, vj^. To William for dyking iij dayes thear, xviij''. To a tincker, xij"*. Ashe^, v'. 23. Plums, pcarcs, and codlings bouglit by Ituiid. Dacre, ij^ Plums and ii]>p]e3 bought by Myles, ij'. 24. xij black potts, iiij'. 25. HuahcB, ix''. Pycking the court, ix''. 26. To the smith by bill, iiij". ij". 27. 28". of starch, at 3''. ob., viij'. ij"". 3''. of corke for iho bruer, xvij''. 28. Lineaeed for my Lady, vj'', 29. A barrell of treacle, viij''. 30. A pitcher of ale, viij''. iiij leatbera for the coach, xvj''. 31. A boulter for the baker, xij''. Sept. 8. For rushes and gathering byrch, [( iij''. 13. A quarter of a pinte of oyle for the coachman and a bottle, xiij''. 14. 2 wooden dishca for the bruer, vj''. 23. 2 bedcords, xvj''. Taps, iij''. 28. To the smith by bill, vj'. x''. Octob. 1". Mending ij pack Baddells, xx''. 2. 5 swills, vj''. To Rob. for pannyere, viij''. A quier of paper for the kichen, iiij''. 3. iiij bony potts, xvj''. * Tlie house \a Carlisle wbicli Lord Willinm Howard occopicd wlicn his presence »ai re<[uired tlieroj at the nsaizeg, or ou otlicr jmbMo oei-Msioiis. From Bubseijueut entries it appears to liavc been rentud of Che Prubendariua of Carlisle, ut a yearlj pi}'uit>ut of 13s. 2d. t Urockett eiplains voider as a butler's tray. Fr. eaider, to empty. — Glossary, X A small metal pot tor tbc flre, with a !ong liandle. 5 A course linen fubrie nted for making wrap[>i>r8, &c. II ThiTu lire freijiieut entries for rmhe», useil for strewing the floors of tlic great bait, gallery, &c. Here we have itrcA iu udilitiou. Small twigs of tbut tree were ni) (lunbC used for the samu purpose. 44 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS 4. To the cooper at twice, vj*. 7. iij skins to make mony bags, xiiij^. A pair of panyers, xij^. 13. 6 swills, vj*^. 14. xxj gallons of vineger, at 8^., xiiij*. 15. 2 swills, ij**. An other pair of pauiers, xij^. 18. An ounce of mithridate* at Poaroth, ij^ 21. Hard wax, xii^. Francinsense, ij^ Saferon, x'^. Conserve of barbaries, iiij^. Wax and francinsense, ij*. 29. For ashes, viij'^. To widdow Loader's girle for big, vj^. For a meale sive, ij^. 30. 4 dozeii of candellweeks, v*. 4. Bed- cords, iij^ viij'^. A pound of packthred, d., xij*^. Nov. 1®. Ashes, viij^. Eyst for the bruer, viij^. iij swills, iij^. 6. To my wyfe for ashes, v^ 10. To the smith by ij bills, x*. yj**. A spado for the keeper, xvj'*. 12. To the baker for eyst, v". Making iiij shirts for the children, and a pot of ale, 6*^., xiiij*^. 19. V swills, v^. Mending the coach harness, xviij^. A loop and a buckle for them, iiij'^ 22. To Rauph Smith by bill for woorke done, ij^ x^. 28. Powder for Mr. Thomas, xij^. Dec. 2. Mending iiij locks, viij^. 4. iij gramers, iij®. Needles, ij*. Grocery. January 15. 1^. of grancs,t xx*^. 1^ of anyseedes, xx*. 1^ d. of synomond, viij^ 4^ of ginger, iiij^ 50^ of prunes, viij*. Quarter of aligants,J ix^ vj*^. A quarter of currands, xj*. ix**. 4^ of licoracc, ij^ 6^ of reysons of the sun, iij®. xxx^. of powdered suger, at xvj'^, xl^ March G. G^ of figgs, ij®. Aprill 3. An ounce of largo mace bought at Carlyle, viij^. A pound of currands at Thorn thwate, vj'^ Mace bought thear, iij*^. 18. * jMithridnte was a remedial agent held in high esteom. A list of its curatiTe properties is given in a scarce and (;urious book written by William Turner, Doctor of Physic, as follows : — " The names of the diseases that may bo healed by the noble preservative medicine called mithridatum, as GalenandAetius, and till other learned riiysitions that wrote atler them of such matters, do bear witnesse in their writiDgi. " The stopping of the Liver. Old reumes flowing downo into the stomacke and breast. Impostnmes. Deepe ulcerations, and of scraping of the skin that areikrre in the lM)dy. Consumptions and ])tisicks. Windynesse in the body. The comiucm flixe. The dull appetite. Evill favored color of the face and other places of the body. The stone. Hardnessc and painfulncsse in making of water. Gathering together of melancholy. Dulnesse of the eye sight. All deadly poyson." — ^A. new Boke of the natures and properties of all wines that are commonly used here in England, with a eonfiitation of an errour of some men that holde, that Rhenuish and other small white wine ought not to be drunken of them that either have or are in danuger of the stone, the reume, and divers other diseases, made by William Turner, Doctor of Phisickc. Wherunto is annexed the booke of the natnret and vertues of Triaclcs, newly corrected and set foorth againe by the said William Turner. Imprinted at London, by William Seres, Anno 1G58. f Grains of Paradise, the seed of the greater Cardamomum. X Uaisins from Alicaut, a seaport of Spain, from whence dried fruits are exported in large quantities. OF THE LORD WILLIAM HOWARD, OF NAIVOETH CASTLE. 45 J3'. of powdered sugcr, svj'. A quarter of olygant [^AHciinll^ reasons, ix*. vj^. iij''. of case pepper, iiij', viij^ May 8. 2'. of iieorace, xvj'*. 12. 14'. of currauda, vj'. iiij'^. 6'. of powdered suger, viij'. An ounce of cloves, yj''. 2 ounces of miice, xij''. A bottell of sallet oyle, iij". iiij''. For grocery bought by Mrs. Saudford, as appeareth by a bill dated xx of May, v''. \ij'. iiij*, Junij. 26. 6'. of prunes, xviij^. 6'. of reysons, i|'. vj'', 6'. of currands, iij'. [In marg. "Mrs. Sandford."] xij". of powdered suger and -vj ounces at xv^. per 1. sv'. vj^, 27'. xiij ounces, at xviij per 1., xIj. ix*. Carriage of it to Mrs. Sandford'e house, and 2 shoes, ij'. July 11, To Mr. lie for a quarter d. of prunes, iiij°. Great reasons, oligants, quarter d. x'. Fine currants, quarter A., xiij'. ryce, 4'., sxd. 1°. bill, Mr. Gray, 11 Juli], xiij'. of reyaons of the aonne, sent 25 Feb., ti]'. xij'. of sugar, at xiiij''. ob. per 1., xiiij', vj''. Quarter of prunes, iiij'. A topnett* of figgs, vj'. viij''. 2' billa, 11 Julij. xij'. of sugar, xiiij'. vj^. xij^ of reysons, vj'. 1'. of ysinglas, iiij'. d. c. of prunes, viij", 2', of ginger, ij'. Quarter of reysons of the sun, xij". A topnct of figs, vi". viij'', A pottle and a gill of oyle, iij*. ix'', March 24, To Mr. Gray per bill, xxij'. of sugarj xsv". 201. of barren figgs, v". Per bill 21 Julij. To Mr. Lyle for grocery against the Assyses, v''. xij''. A pound of pepper bought at Brampton, vj'', Sept. 16. A pound of suger, XV'. Octob. 15. An elfctiiary for Mrs. Jlary. vij'. Jlythri- datum, sx". Aloes, ij'. .vj". Nov, Paid to Tlioiiias Husband by Mr. Wymond for grocery bought of Mr. Blaekwell, by bill dated 15 Sept., xij". 28. A quarter of oligants, ix'. iiij^. A quarter of pcnnes, iij'. A quarter of refined currants, xj'. viij^. A quarter of midling currants, ix^ iiij''. Bringing them to It. Millbum, ij'. Decemb, 6. Quarter of a pound of white sugar candy, ix''. Anyseeds 1'-, x''. Granes, xvj'', SannderB,t i'. iij'. j'. of ysing glas, ij'. vj''. A bottle of oyle, iij', iiij''. Nutmegs, iiij'. ^'. of mace, iij=. vj"" |', of cloves, iiij*. 18, A topnatt of figgs, vij*. — Sumina total.' xliiij''. iiij', vj''. Ex per Tho. C/ny, Auditor. Mault. January. To Ant. Bell for xiiij bushells, iiij". vj''. To him ' Topf is a tub or cnsk of some definite capncit;. Tbe word occurs in tlie Acconnt Rolls of tlie Biirwir of tlie moniiBtery of Diirlmin ; — " 1 tope raccinorum m&gnorum." Topnett is obviously a diminutive of tbe nord, and prabubly me;ms i»lt atub or cask. It likewise occurs in tbe Bursar's Rolls :— ■' Item, S topynetts ficQuin."— Cf. Durh. Housrhold llnik (iiul>. Siirtccs Soc), p. 41. t Ab Iiiiliua wood BO calltci, nscd for colouring jellies, sweetnitals, ic. 46 THE IIOUSETIOI,D BOOKS for xiij bushells, liij^^ 6. To him for xiij bushclls, iij^*. ix*. vj*. To him for xiiij pecks more, xix^ ix*^ 8. To Mr. Henry Fether- ston for xl busshells of malt, at v^. iiij^. a bushell, sent to Thornethwate, x^^ 27. To lUchard Atkinson for xx busshells of malt, v^^ xv^ March 2. To him againe for the lyke, v**. xv*. July 10. V bushclls of mault, xxxiij^ iiij^. Aug. 9. 6 bushells of mault, xl^ A peck of otcs more, ix'^ 15. 2 pecks for Mr. Francis, ij^ 16. For xxx bushells of mault bought of Mrs. Blcnerhassott of Irdington, vij^^ x*. 21. iiij bushells bought of Chr. Atkinson, xxij^ 29. To Ant. liell for xx bushells of malt, v^'. x^ V bushclls d. bought of W. Atkinson, xxx'. iij**. Dec. 6. XX bushclls of malt bought of Anthony Bell, v^^ xiij*. iiij'^ 20. XX bushells of mault bought of W. Atkinson, v**. x^ij^ iiij'^ XX bushells of mault bought of Ant. Bell, v**. xiij*. iiij'^ 23. X bushells and a peck of mault, Iv*. ix**. xx bushells of malt bought of Chr. Atkinson, v^*. xiij*. iiij'^. — Summa, Ixxix^*. vij^ ij'^ Bigg and Peas. January 6. ij bushells, xij^ viij'l March 3. 2 bushells of Seas, xvj"- A busliell of beanes, viij'. 2 bushells of peas, x\*, lay 17. d. bushells of big for pullein* at Denton Hall, iij". iiij**. June 16. d. bushell of big for puUoyn thear, iij*. vj*'. July. A buslicU of big for puUeyn, viij^ Aug. 10. d. bushell of big for pullein, iiij". Dec. 7. vij busliells of big, xxxvj*. 14. 3 bushclls of big, xviij^ vij^^ — SummUy vj^'. v*. j**. Gates. Nov. 1(). xxi] busliells bought at Brampton, and iij pecks, xlvj\ ij bushells for Thomas Fisher's horse, vj*. 20, x busliells iij pecks bought at Carlylo for to mault, xxv". 23. iij bushells bought of Lc. KUot, vij\ vj'^ 13 bushells d. of otes, xxxiiij^ vj''. 30. viij bushells, xxj^ ix'^ Decemb. 7. 23 bushclls, lij». ij*^ 14. 22 bushells of otes, xlix^ ij*^. 21. xxxiij bushells, iij'*. xii^ vij'^. 24. vj pecks of otes, iij^ iiij*'. January 6. xij bushells and iij pecks, xxx^ ix**. 2 bushells of otes, v*. 11. 9 bushells and a peck, xxiiij^ x**. 19. 26 bushclls, iij". ix". x*. * An old word for poultry. Cf. Todd's Johnson. The word still sanrives in the Pitilen markt't in Nt'wcaHtle, and tlio Fallen corner in the murkct-place at Dorliam, which, until the huildin^^ of the covered market hehind tho Town>haIl, wii» the rt'cojrnized place where tlie country-women stood who had jwultry to sclL p or THE LOItn WILLIAM HOWARD, OF NAWORTH CASTLE. 47 Feb. 2. 2 bushells of oatea, \'. vj"". 8 bushella bought at Brampton, at 2'. 8^., xxj'. iiij''. 15. D. bushell of otea to Jo. Turner, xx*. 16. 2 bushella of otea, v'. iiij''. 24. A bushell of otes to W. Grame, iij". vj*. March 3. x bushella of otea, xxxij'. 10. xiij bushells d. of otea, xsxv'. ij*". 15. vj peeks of otea for puUen, iiij'. ■vj''. 23. Tbushellsd., xxt'. viij''. 30. xj buBsbeUs xxxvj*. Aprilia 6. vij busshella, xxij'. iij". 9. vij peeks, y\ viij'*. 12. 8 buBhells iij peeks, xxix". iij''. TJ bushells and a peck, XX'. iiij'', 13. To Thomaa Waters for x buahells, xxxiij'. iiij''. 2 bushells for Mr. Francis after the race in Scotland, vj'. ■viij*. Aug. 8. vj pecks of otes for Mr. William, vj". 10. v bushella bought at Denton, xv'. 18. 2 peeks, ij". ij''. 20. 17 pecks of ote-s and d. svij'. vj''. v bushell bought at Carlyle by Tho. Fiaher, xxij'. vj'', Cath. Harrison : — ij bushella bought at Brampton, vj'. iiij''. 22. vij bushells iij peeks, xvii'. iij'', 28, xvij bushella and a peck of diverse prices, xxxvj*. ix''. Octob. 5. svij bushells and a peck, xxxvij'. vj''. 12. xx bushella and a peck,xlij'. 19. x bushells of otes, xxj'. Nov. fi. OatiCB for tho pullein, ij'. vj''. 9. xij bushells, xxxj', Oates for Mr. Charles, xiiij'. iij'', Mr. Harrison : — x buahells bought of Thomaa Bell, at iij'. vj''., XXXV'. xvj more bought of Mr. Herou at iiij'., iij'i. iiij'. Wheat. Feb. 8. 3 bushella bought at Brampton, xxiiij", July 28. One buabell of fine wheat bought at Carlyle, xii]'. Bringing it home, ix''. Dec. 7. ij bushells iij pecks, xxxij'. ij''. 13. vij pecks of wheat, xx'. v''. 14. vij pccka of wheat, xx". ix''. An oliicr buahell the same tyme, xij'. x pceka of wheats, xxx'. 1!*, X pecks of wheate, xxxv'. 21. 2 bushells of wheat, xxiiij'. 21. vij pecks of wheat, xx'. j''. 22, D. bushell of wheat, vj'. 31. To Justice Graiue for iij bushella of wheat, xlviij'. — Sinmna lolal.' granorum empL' civ'', v'. ix''.^ — Ex. per Tho. Clay, Auc/ilor, Hops. April! 23, A quarter of hopps bought at Newcnatoll, xvij'. i^. fj''. of hopps bought at Peuroth, iiij'. 21. xxviij". of hnppa, xvj'. June lo. 0''. bought at Pearoth, iiij'. Aug. 27. 28''. of liopps, at 6'K ob., xv°. ij''. Septemb. 23. 56". of hopps, xxviij'. Octob. 30. D. hundred of hopps bought by Banil, Milburn, x.wiij'. Dec. 5. D. hundred of hopps, xxviij'. — Siimma, vijii. ijJ. 48 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS Wine. Janu. 15. Mr. Gray per bill : — 4 gallons and a pottle of mus- cadine,* xviij*. A costrell, xij*. 4 gallons and a pint of nius- cadine, xv®. Caske, xij^. June 20. xvij quarts and a pinte of claret bought at Carlyle, xj^ To Mr. Gray for x gallons and i pottle of seek, xx^ Aug. 8. To Mr. Bar wick for 27 quarts oi wine, xiij^ yj^. Sept. 6. To Mr. Robinson of Carlyle for wine, ix". X*. — Sumnia, xiij^\ ix^. vj^. Lights. January 2. Ligbtes bought at Brampton, xix*. 3. 12 cutts of candell weeke [w??V?/:],t xv". 4. Lightcs bought at Brampton, vij". vj*. 20. Lightes bought thear, ij^ ij^. Feb. 2. Lightes, ijs. 7. To Arthur for wax, ij"*. 13. A dozen of candell week, xviij**. March 21. Lightes, xij^. Apr. 13, 6", of lightes at Thom- wate, ij% vj^. July 8. Candells bought at Brampton, xij*. Octob. 13. Candells bought fchear, xij^^. 25. To Nic. Hall for candells, ij^ Nov. 19. For 16 stone of tallow for lightes, xlij*. Dec. 4. A dozen of week [wick] yarn bought at Carlyle, xviij^. — Summa, iij^\ ix^ — Siimnia total.' htfjus folij, xxiij^^ xviij". viij**. — Ex per 27io. Clay^ Auditor. Stable Charges. January 10. A housing cloth for my Lord's -horse, ij*. 9 girths, iij*. iiij horse coUers, iiij^. iiij bridells, iij". iiiV*. 2 pair of stirrop leathers bought at Hexham, ix*. 15. To * Called also Muscadell. In Turner's curious " Boke of the natures and jwo- pertios of all wines that arc commonly used here in England/' which has been already quoted (p. 4^4), the author mentions "Sacke, Malmsey, Mutcadell,** " Clared, French and Gascon wine," as " most used here in England at this time.'* jMuscadine and Uastards are described of a "redish yellow color." Muscadine or Muscadell, so called from the grape of that name, was sometimes made in England. This is mentioned in a description of Lord Savage's phice at Long Melford :— **Now for the gardning and costly choice flowers, for ponds, tot stately large walks, green and gravelly, for orchards and choice fniits of aU 8orti» there are few the like in England : here you have your bon ChriHian Pea/r and Bergamott in perfection, your Muscadell grapes in such plentie that tliere are some bottles of wine sent every year to the king ; and one Mr. Daniel, a worthy gentleman hard by, who hath bin long abroad, makes good store in bis vintage."— - Epist. Ho.-Eliana} (Lond. 16-15), § 2. viii. p. 9. t Ciindles were often, apparently, made at home, and in no small quantities. It will be observed that an entry follows, almost immediately, of the purchase of fiixtceu stones of tallow to be made into caudles. OF THK LORD WILLIAM [UIWAKIJ, (IF NAWORTH CASTLE. 49 l^iddow Grarae for ij wooUea horseclothes, iiij'. 16. To the Kjdler for woorke, ij". 22. To the smith by bill, xx*. vij*. Feb. 3. 4 removes for the Barbary, iiij''- 8. 2 dishes for pcovander in the stuble, iij''. March 3. Slaking a pule for the Btable, iij''. 12. To the smith by bill, xvij". sj'*. 25. Rich- Woollen's fee due for half a year at our Lady day, xx'. Aprilia 3, To the smith for ahoing by bill, xij*. ix^. 4. A shoe for Turner's horse, iij''. II. 2 cuppers [? criipjiers], a bridell, and meDdJnjr Mi'. Feuwick's saddle, ij', vj''. A dozen of girth webb, iJ'. To the sadler for ij dayes, xij''. and paunyl- iiig* a saddle, xij''. 13. Otes for Jack's tyred horses going to Thornthwate, vj". Cordes to tye the horaes thear, iij''. 30. To the smith by bill for shoiug, xij'. xj''. May 1". Allowed by my Lady to I'ho. Fisher for his horsemeat, xv'. Shoing ut Eirkoa- wold, Mr. Fenwick, xx". 21. 6 coult baulters, xTiij". 22. To the smith by bill, xviij'. viij''. June 1. 6 pair of girth buckella, x\-iii''. A brydell, viij". 3. To the smith for woorke in the stable, and about the coachea, xvj', iij". 4. Shoing as we camo from Thornethwate, vj''. 14. Dozen of girth web, ij'. Buckells, ij', 2 bitts, xiiij". Shoing horses, xvj''. 22. vij saddells and furniture bought at Hexham, iij". x'. 23. Shoing when the children wear at Dallston, xiij''. A shoe for Mr. Thomaa Howard's mayer, iiij". 24. Mr. Charles his horse moat at Lan- gdmby t race, v', ix'l 2 bridells and 2 cruppera for the liulo gentlemen, iij". July 10. To the amith for woorke in the stable, xij'. viij^. 13. Mending the coach, xviij". Shoing, viij", Mr. Francis his horses charges at Langomby, xiij', 26. Shoing a nag at Yenwith for J. Bell, iiij". 31. To the smith by bill, X', ix". 31. To the smith by bill for woorke for the coach mares, vij*. v". Aug. 14. Shoing at Baullton, &c., for the geatlemen, iij'.x^. 26. To the smith by bill, xv'. vj", 31, To Fergus for shoing Mr. Charles' horse, xij''. Sept. 21. To Mr. Fenwick for thinges about the coach, vj'. 7 pair of stirrop leathers, vij'. vj". A saddle cloth, xvj". 26. Scissers for the coachman, iiij". 28. To the smith by bill, xvj'. To him for other 5 horses, v'. Octob. 7. To Wollens for his fee due at Michaelmas, xx'. 10. 2 horasheetes, iij' vj''. Scissors for Jo. groom, iiij". 14. Buckells, vj''. 25. To Nic. Hall for abrydle, sij". 6 yards of harden for ij housing clothes, iij'. j", 16. To the smith by bill, xvij". is''. Nov. 10. To the smith by bill, iiij". j". 21. Shoing Mr, Thomaa his nag, and carrying hini, • Fannellioff a, eadUle may mean fitting it 90 aa to be suiUililc for oarrjing burdens, or pvrliape simply furtiisliiiig it wicli ]i 9u(]J1e-clot1i. t So pronounced by tlie iubabitiintB. Tlie jibicu is Laugwathby, iibuut live miUa 50 THE HOUSlEHOLD BOOKS xv^. 23. To the sadler of Hexham by a bill, iij*. x^. A curreycombe, vj^. Dec. 18. A dozen of girth webb, ij*. viij'*. 23. To the smith by bill for shoing, xiiij^. vj*^. Sumfna totaV xxj^\ ix^ ix^. — Ex. per Tho. Clay, Auditor, Horses and Cattle bought. June 13. To Thomas Waters for a horse bought of him, v^'. Aug. 20. For a black nag sold to my Lady by mee, iiij^^ x^ — Smmna patcty ix^^ x^ Ex. 'per Tho, Clay, Auditor. EiDTNG Charges and Errands. January 1. To Lambert's boy bringing letters from Gray- stock, xij'^ A letter from Mr. Skellton, xij*^ 3. Myles his charges to White Hall, vj'^. 11. Wm. Buckle's charges ij dayes about sheep, iij^ 15. Mr. Preston's charges at Carlyle, ij**. viij*^. 17. To him for my Lord's ryding charges to London, x^^ W. Buckle and W. Grame's charges sent to Carlyle, xiiij*^. 24. Letters sent to Peroth to Mr. Orfuer, xij*^. 28. Turner's charges to Kirkoswold and Thornethwate, ij^ viij^. At Ajma- thwate ferry coming from Thornthwate, xij^. 31. Letters from Whitehall, ij^ Feb. 2. Turner's charges at Thornethwate and Kirkoswold, iij^ W. Grame's charges sent to Dillston, x^. 8. To the cobler sent twice to Thornethwate, ij^. 14. W. Buckle's charges going to T. Ward's with ij bookes, ij*. 15. To Jo. Turner for boating over at Lasenby, ij^. 22. Letters from Yen with from Mr. Ward, xij^. My charges at Carlyle ij dayes for Wigham, xviij^^ 25. Wm. Grame's charges at Graystock, vj*^. March 1°. My charges at Carlyle twice, xvj^. 6. To Ilemble for iij iurneyes, xviij^^ 10. The gentlemen's charges at Kirkoswold, ij^ vj*^. Shoes [for] their horses thear, x**. For a letter to Mr. Francis about his hauke, vj^. To Hemble sent to Thornthwate, xvj^. 12. Turner's charges thither thrice, ij^ x*^. 13. Davy Bell's charges and Ch. Farle's, sent to the Sheriff's,* iiij^ 14. To the cobler sent to Thornthwate, xviij*^. To ij tenannts bringing wheat from Morpeth, ij^ 15. To the cobler sent to Mr. Charleton, xij^. 16. To Rob. Crosyer cary- ing pykes to Thornethwate, xvj^. To Mr. Wm. Howard for his charges at Newcastell by my Ladie's allowance, xiij^. 20. To the cobler sent to Dallston and Thursby, xij^. 23. The gar- dener'« charges at Kirkoswold and going to Thornthwate, viij**. Mr. Preston's charges sent to serve process in diverse places, • Sir Christopher Pickering, Knt., was Slicriffof Cambcrland in 1G12. OF THE LORD WILLIAM HOWARD, OF NAWOKTH CASTLE. 51 the Lord Belingham • and otliers, vij'. vj''. 23. His charges stCarlyle after, iij'. iiij''. 25. W. Qrame's charges at Hex- ism, x**. and for turnipiclt, iiij^. 26. Myles his charges sent to Appleby, xviij'^. 29. Letters sent to Mr. H. Fethereton, xij''. Apr. '-i. Thomas Fisher's charges at Carlyle, iiij''. 5. Turner's charges at Kirkoswold twice, iiij'. x''. Clement's charges sent to DUlston, i]'. Mr, Fenwick'a charges sent for Mr. Adamson, 'j'- ^"j* T^'^ gentlemen's charges at Kirkoswold, xij'. iij''. yi. To Mr. PrestoD going towards London, xlij'. To Mr, Charleton for my Lord's iurney then, x". My charges at Car- lyle, xiiij of Aprill, x\ 23. Letters sent to Dallston, xij^. Letters sent _ to Armathwat«, xij''. 26. Davy Bell's charges sent to S*. Willfreyd LawBon, ij*. To the cobler sent to Yorks with a commission versus Jo. Ellot, vj'. For his oath takea theai', iiij'', 28. To Jo. Bell sent to Thornthwate, vj''. Rob. Crosier sent to Kirkoswold, vj'^. To Mr. Francis by bill for bis horses' charges at Nubiggin at the race at Langomby, iiij". iiij". May 2. Letters to Sir. Sennoys, xij''- The gardener's charges to 'Thorathwate and Kirkoswold, xx*. 9. \Vm. Grame's charges sent into Northumberland, ij'. ix''. Iti. Hia charges at Langomby by my Ladle's allowance, v". iiij^. A horse hire for Mr. Fenwick going into Northumberland, v'. vj\ Myles his charges sent to Runion of Whittlesyde, xij''. 17. Jo. Turner's charges sent for wine to Carlyle, vj''. Bringing it home, vj''. To Davy Gash sent to Morpeth with a nag, xx''. At the ferry lor my Lady, xij''. 23. To a man for leading a horse from Stanford, v'. To the cobler sent to Morpeth with letters, xviij^. Letters from Dufton, vj''. My charges at Pearoth buying appareU for Mr. Thomas, vj''. 26. Rich. Hethertou sent with a letter to L. of Bridekirke, ij'. To W. Hethertou sent with a letter to Hantwysell, xij'^. Letters from Mr. Orfuor, xij*. ^0. To the cobler sent to I'arson Curweo, xij''. June 2". To Wr. Charleton for my Lord's jurucy to liOndon, xx". My * This title does not inditute tliut ita posseesor whb on tlia roll of the peoraee. The bDldor of u muiior Iixil the tillo of l<eord, or lord, uiid tliu ditcat snii of B •UitsmaD tbat of laird.— C[. GluS!<ary of Wi'Btmorvlaiid nud Cumberland DiulecU, ippmded to Mva. Ann Wheeler'e Di.il. Pu,;i)is, 4c. Lend. lH3y. 'I'lie iiidiviiioal iaigaated aa Lord Belinghntn viaa Sir Juiiies lleUiui;huiu, wlio Mns kniglitud at Durhum in 1603 b; James I. He murricd Agnea, daugliter uf Sir Hear; Carwen, of WorkingUiij. Sir Jamea whb of Leveaa and Holaingtnn, in Westnionjland, Bnd wia deuNnided froni a younger branch of the Uellliiglmnis, of liurneuheud ; Alan Sclliagbam, tlic purcLaaer of Lcvunu, bi>lng tlie eiglitli eon of Sir Robert Belling-. luiit, of Bumi'iheiid, Kut. Alun Bellinghuoi pureliased not only Leven!, but aha Helsingtoo, Gajthorn, Fawi ' " ' " . . . - ■ t^ Kortbnujberland. la the lui nvercign of the fourth part 52 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS charges at Carlyle, viiij^. 3. Rob. Crosier sent to Thome- thwate with a colt, xij^. 6. Davy Gash sent to Sopart,* vj^. To the hogherd sent twice to Thornethwifce, ix^. 10. To Lam- bert's boy bringing letters from Graystock, ij*. 14. S^ Henry Berlin gfi Id's charges at Keswick, vij*. ix^. His charges at Kirkoswold, vij^ vj'^. The gentlemen's charges at thear com- ing from Langomby, v^. 17. Turner's charges going to buy v millstons, xvj'*. A peck of otes for the coach mares at Carlyle, xj^. The little gentlemen^s charges to Dallston and Warnell, xvi^j^ vj^. Drinck at Carlyle then, xij^. 25. Theyr charges againe at Kirkoswold going to the race, and for drinck by the way, vij^ v^. 26. To Fisher's charges at Carlyle, iiij*^. 28. To John Blackbird for the ferry, ij^. July 3. Albany Hutton's charges to Thomthwate twice, vj*^. Gash carrying ij summons to Thomthwate, xviij^. 4. To Ecky for his charges and the plummers from Thomthwate, vj^. 5. Carrying a letter to Mr. Grimston for Mrs. Taylor, vj^. 7. Carrying v swills to Kirkos- wold, viij*^; 8. Rob. Crosier carrying fish to Thornethwate, &c., xviij^. 9. Carrying fish to Thornethwate, xij^. AUensted's and the boyes^ charges coming thence, vj'^. Arthur : — Boating over at Armethwate for my Lady, xij^. Boating over xv loades of coales thear, xv^. Boating over oates thear, iij*^. 15. To Albany Button for running to Warnell and Thornethwate, v^. 16. To Jo. Daullton sent to Graystock, xvj^. To him for weed- ing ij dayes in the court, ij^. 17. Cariage of a black mair to Dillston, xij^. 21. My charges at Warnell, viij^. Letters sent to Carlyle, vj^. Letters sent to Hexham, xviij^. 28. Mr. Skellton^s, his man^s, and my charges to Durham, to follow Vasey,t and other things, xl^. xj^. Jo. Flud^s charges at Car- lyle, vj^. The joyners' and Jo. Bell's charges from Thom- thwate, x*^. Aug. 4. (per bill) My Lord^s and the iij gentle- * Hodie Solport, a township in the parish of Stapleton, The manor of Solport was successively in the possession of the Tilliols, Colvills, and Musgraves. Sir Edward Musgrave sold it to Lord Preston, from whom it descended to Sir James Graham, Bart,, in whose family it still remains. The demesne lands of this manor arc called the Shank, where are the ruins of a castle." — Lyson's Cumberland, p. 158. The ruins mentioned by Lysons are probably the remains of a mansion house of Sir William Hntton, mentioned as his ordinary abode in " A briefe Survey and Cer- tificate, &c.," made by Lord William Howard and others. For this Survey, Ac, see A])peudix. t The name of Vasey occurs in a MS. list of felons taken and prosecuted by Lord William Howard for "fellouies in Gilsland and elsewhere since my abode there : " — " John Vasie, executed at Durham, 1613." An entry of his burial appears in the Register of St. Margaret's Chapelry, Durham : — ** John Vasie, son of Anthony, suspen. 24 Jan. 1613." The place of execution at Durham was, within living memory, on a piece of unenclosed ground a little way out of the town, adjoining the great road to the north. The culprits were buned beneath thf srallows, and their interments were registered in the books of the chapelry within the limits of which the executions took place. ILLIAM ilOWAKD, OF SAVVDUTH CASTI/ men's charges at Curlyle asByses, Ivij'. x"". To one bringing letters from tbence, xij". 8. To Albany Huttoo et'nt toThorne- ihwate and to Hexham, xviij", W. Grame and Albany Hutlou going to Thornthwate, iiij''. Myles his chargea at Eirkoawold, ii}\ 14. Laid out for the gentlemen at Dauilston and Mr. Gent's, xij*. vj''. 16. {Per bill) My Lord's charges to Berwick to meet my Lord of WaWeu,* vj'', xvj'. 21 . To the joyner for hia charges and his fellowea out of Yorkshire, by hill, s\-iij'. iij'', 25. My Lord's charges to Eichmond for my Lorde Chamber- lane's t busines, by bill, is}', xv', iiij''. 31, To Albany Huttoa sent to Armathwate and other places, xij''. To Mr. Wylliaiu lor his expenses to Ortou, vij". iij''. Sept. 2. Mylea his charges sent for Mr. Tho. sword, vj**. Letters brought from HexhMn, xij^ 11. To Bob. Crosier carrying iij bottles of wine lo Thornethwate, x™]''. 16. My Lord's charges at Carlyle, iij'. vj''. Mr. William's charges in Northumberland, xviij'', 20. The cobler ij iurneys to Thornethwate, ij". vj''. Jo. Bow- man's charges at Kirkoswold bringing viij led horses from Bowes, vj*". 23. Carrying a samon to Thornethwate, xviij'', AV. Grayme's charges to Diliston twyce, xij''. 27. Letters sent to Mr, Fetberston, xij''. Letters sent to Mr. Widrington, xij^, 29. Jo. Pildrem's and others charges sent to Hautwyaell, iiij'. ■vj''. Octob. 6. Myles his chargea sent for Mr, Adamson, iij'. xj". 7. W. Buckie's charges seeking Ant. Arniestrong, ij'. vj''. To Nuby going thrice to Carlyle, xij''. 9. W. Grame'a charges to Diliston and shoing his horse, sxiij''. 10. To a boy comming from Ilautwyscll, xij''. 11. To Noby going to Thornethwate, xij'', 12. To W, fetching bear from Armath- wate, for Mr. Charleton, x''. Fer bill, 5° Odob. My Lord's charges to Carjyle, ij dayes, and the gentlemen's, about a, commission, Ivij'. v''. 14. To Hemble being sunt to Carlyle lo buy fowie, xij''. 15. To a man of Morpeth bringing mony thence, for his ij horses back againe, iij', 16. To Hemble going to Thornethwate, xvj''. Nuby for the lyke, xij''. Mr. • Theophilan, eldcnt son of Tbomiia, first Ear] of SulTolk, bj Catberine, dnnghtar •Dd co-hi-iress of Sit Hemj Enevet, of Chnrlton, Wilts. He was suniitioiicil hb Wd Waldeo in the jear 1603, in the lifreWme of Jiia fiitlier, whom he Buucecded as Kcona Earl in 1636. Lord Wiildeu niurj'icd Klizub^th, a]iugbtGr hdiI co-heiress of GmrseHtiLiic, Enrl of Dunbar, nlio died Ht Whitehall, Jan. 2'J, lf;il-I2, just as lis ns about to soleioniKG bta danghter's murriHge witb great miignlDceDue. t The Enr) of i^ulTnlk wis Lord Chmnberlain iu 1612. He was made Lord TreBsnrer in 1614.— Cf. Camden's Annals (Keniiett, u. 613). Ho was iialf tfother to Lord Wiiliam Howard, being tlie elciest son of the sceond marriage of Thomas, fourth Dakc of Norfolk, with the Laily Murguret Audlcy, dnngliter and beu-esB of Thomas, ]jord Aodlcy of Walden. Hu ivus sudiiuoiiihI hy writ as Biiron Honard, of Wukieo, in the 40tb of Queen Elizabeth, and was created Earl of Suffolk JD the 1st of Jiimt's I. From his iiifitber be inheriti-d the Ini^e estatea of Lord Audlcy in Wuldeii. and built Audky End. lli: died May 28, 1626. 54 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS Wymond's charges to Morpeth at Michaelmas for money, iij". ix". iiij*^. 18. Thomas Smith sent to Thornethwate, xij*^* 25. W. Robson's charges at diverse tymes thither, xvij**. To Jo. Dauilton for one jurney to Thornethwate, xvj*^. 28. To Hemble for ij jurneys thither, ij^ viij'*. Nov. 4. Craghill sent with soader to Kirkoswold, iiij*^. 8. Lambert's boy sent to Thornethwate, xij'^. 10. Tho. Willson's charges at Pearoth, xiiij^^. 13. Tho. Ilutton going to Thornethwate, xij**. To Dauil- ton for the lyke, xij'^. 14. To Mr. Wjnnond for the little gen- tlemen cummin g home, iij^ My Ladye's charges cumming from Thornethwate, xvj'^. Theplummer's charges to Morpeth, ix*. His charges to London, xx^. 21. Mr. Thomas Howard's charges at Pearoth long since, ij^. To Dauilton sent to Thorne- thwate, xij^^ 24. Hemble for a jurney thither, xviij*^. Dec. 3°. Pic. Bell's ferrying twice at Armathwate, iiij*^. 4. Jo. Turner's charges at Carlyle, vij^. 8. His sonn's charges thear going to buy wheat, vj^. Chr. Hetherton for ij jurneys to Thorn thwate, ij^ \j^, 11. To him for an other, xvj*^. Tur- ner's charges at Newcastell bringing glasse, vij"*. 12. To Crosier carrying a letter to Dillston, xviij^. To Chr. Hether- ton sent to Thornthwate, xviij*^, 14. Lane. Hall's charges at Pearoth ij nightes, ij^ vj*^. To Mr. Preston for his charges to London, for his charges downewards, &c., lvi^ j*^. Dauilton for one jurney to Carlile for ilr. Swynerton, vj^ 20. To Lam- bert's boy bringing a letter, xij^. To Dauilton sent to Carlyle againe (suger candy), vj'^ To Mr. Preston for his charges to L(mdon at Michaelmas terme last, 1613, xxx*. x*^. Jo. Pil- drem^s charges into the west, sent to Mr. Joseph Thwates, S^. James Bellingiam * and others, xiij^ — Summa total*, exxvij''. xviij®. viij^. jfeV. per Tho, Clay^ Auiiitor. PooRE. Fob. 2. To Mr. Roscarrock, given to a pore woman, vj**. 3. To Wigham's wyflc, ij^ vj*^ G. To a pore leper boy, vj**. 28. To the pore at the buriall of Eob. Stnnger, ij*. To a pore woman at Thornethwate, iiij*^ To the poore, ix*^. To the pore at Kirkoswold, iij^ To the boteman, xij^. May 12. To a pore Scottish man, vj''. Given to the pore when my Lady went to Thornthwate, ij^ To one for a wax bookef then, ij". vj*. * Sec ante, p. 51. t Tablets of wcxid or ivorv, covered with a thin coating of wax, on wbiA ! niemoramia were inscribed with a sbarp-iH)iiited style, or some t»niilar instromenti '. Tablets of this kind were used in the Church ver^- couimouly in mctliKval tinwtfiV -^ OK THK LCHD WILLIAM IIOWAltD, Ol'' NAWORTH CASTl.li. U-J June 13. To a pore ivomaii, tj''. 17. To a pore man, \j'K To Andrew Oxelose, xij''. July Iti. To a pooru womau, vj''. 28. To a pore man, ij''. Aug. 4. To o pore woruuL, iiij''. To the pore ut Carlj"lo, ij', vj''. 28. To a pore woman, vj''. On St, Martin's Day, vnj". vj"". To a blind man afterward, iij''. 4 poor women of Brampton after, xij". To a blind man, vj". To the poor at Armaihwate, vj''. To a pore woman at Peatwarth, mj'^.— Sutnma, xxxij'. viij". Ex. per Tho. Clay , Auditor, jVIonie Impbest, Lent, or Kkpaiu. Janu, 7. To John Turner to carry to Henry Willson, x", 17, To Mr. Preston g^>ing towards London, cc''. To Rob. Stringer the plumber at iij tymea, xxv'. To Jeffray Nickson for him. lij''. April 24, To my Ladye as parte of mony borrowed fur the house, xx". Delivered to Mr. Cliarleton to carry to London by the hands of lleniy Willaon at Thornethwate, 13 Aprilis, U'', Delivered to Henry WiLlsoo the same tymo, xs",' To tim long since sent by W. Buckle, xxs'. June IS. To him by Jo. Turner, v''. July 7. To H. Willson by Jo. Turner, v". a. To him by Lawrence Woorth, gardener, xs", 19. To him by John Pillgrim, v'*, Aug. 6. To Henry Willaon by Myles Scaff, xx''. 24. To him at Nawurd, x'K t.'(j. To him receyvud from &. John Malloi'y, xx''. Sept. 5". Hepaid to Mr. Itoscar- rock as borrowed of him for tlio house, xl'', 20. To Honrv Willson by the hands of Mr. AVymond, xx''. Nov. 14. Paid unto my Lady in parte of nioiiy formerly laid out by hoi- Lady- ship for the house, l". Octob. 18. llopaid to Ueorgc Mounscy fur my Lord for his Lordship's uses at London, per J ohn John- ritusl airectiona lo tliosa wlio were ong.i<rfl in tlic acrvices. Dr. Hock tells u« [Chui-ck of oar Fathers, vol. iii. jmrt 3, |). V£6) lliiit tlio ILbrary of llic a\i-:w\A mid veiiiTaUlu iiiun.i»tur)' uf St. Uiill still iiusi^'»<i.ii "eex Wgnaa tuUuliu ct-ra iibiluutui (uliiii Mcjinn ( Va/i'igts lilnrffi'isea de 2'raiicej, a* iJOtii;iii(f tliiit in certain diuruliuB tliuy hii " unc tiiblu cnduitu clo vin:, sur liii]Ui'lto iU itrivuiciit nveu uu jKiiiicun lii noma An ccim cgni dci'uiL-ut fnirc [jucltiuu iiUicu un liiiiutiou " (|i. Wii). Anil \\e remarked the Eiiniu tiling' iknie at tliu Cliui'di ol' l^t. Martin, nt Tuurs: " Ijn uBicicni pour Xo&ea dirin ctoicnii iiiscirltd dunn nn talilunu i^iiduiC du Ave, cuiiiinu ik Kiiuun" (p. 122). Hciniiiin ( Vnlguria, to. 81, I'jusun, Lomloii) uIbo iiuott'il by Dr. ICock, yii ua that " tubicB Im' inailu of IcvBn of vvury, boiu, cjiiniu, and other Btuullt, Jiubeil iiith wiixc, t") wi'jtle on ;" und tb:it t!iu Btilun, ov grapliiuiu, wuB culEcil a Cinti'l: '■ poynt)!lin of jron, ]iii() |iojutjlli« of sylv.T, brusu,'' boonc, or slt«juu, fjnfre a pyaiic at the end." 'IIkto can lio littlu donbt tlic "wax book" meutioneil above, and in n siib^'qiicnt entry in tlio UouMoliold Acconuts, visa a boot of (ablets ofn finiibv kind tu ili<w ilesirilit'd. It is cnrions to find ita uijc linirt'i'lng so loiifr. • In margiae " Monj ri.icavi.>d fui- wooll." Tliis ri'lbis to tlie tivo liiit items. 56 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS son's quittance, cccc^'. Lent to Mr. Randell Fen wick at Mor- peth by Mr. Wymond by my Lord^s comandement, xl"., to be repaid at Michaelmas, a^ 1614. 23. To my Lord Bishop* for S^ Robert Bannister, for the tythes of Pearoth, xix'*. iij*. iiij*^. To my Lord to be carried to London, Ix^. xvj*. viij**. Novemb. 8. To Henry Will son by Mr. Wymond at Thometli- wate, viij^^ 26. To Henry Gill, in part of fivety pounds, per quitt.', x^\ Decemb. 21 Delivered to Mr. Preston by H. Gray, for Mr. Edw. Gray at London, by a quittance dated xxvij of November, and reckoned to me afterwards by Mr. Gray, 21 Decemb., xF. 22. Lent to Edward Warwick of Carlyle by my Lord's commaundement, x^^ \_In marg. Repaid.] To Harry Willson at Thornethwate, is}\ 30. To him at Naward, x". — Summa totaV m. iiij*\ xv^\ xvj^ — Ex, per Tho, Ckiyy Auditor, DuETiES TO Brampton and other places. January 2. To Mr. Cowpland, vicar of Brampton uppon com- position for the tythes thcar due and payable at this Christmas lust past for one year, vij". [Received] Nicholas Cowpland. 15. To Mr. Cutlibert Gray for the rent of Nubiggin due to the West Spittell at Candellmas last, 1611, xx«. 28. To Mr. Wakefeeld for one quarter ended at May day next, 1*. Per quittance 19 Decemb., to Mr. Bernard Robinson, by the hands of Mr. Win. Orbell, for the half-y care's rent of a burgage and a garth in Fisher Gate at Carlyle, due to the Dean and Chapter 19 of December, 1612, vj^ vij'^ Aprilis 25. To Mr. Parson IMilburn f for the white tyth J of Geltesdale, due to him at Easter last, x^ To Mr. Bartram for ij yeares rent of Dale Mill, due at Michaelmas last, A°. 1612, none et decimo Regis Jacobi, 1^. viij'^. For Pattison's land in Ormesby, for viij yeares due at Michaellmas last, at vj*^. per ann., iiij^ For Tweddall's land k (5°, Jacobi, for iiij yeares, at iij^ x^. per ann., xv". iiij**. To Mr. * Henry Robinson, Bishop of Carlisle. He was a native of Carlisle, and was cilucated at Queen's College, Oxford, of which he became Provost in 1581. He was chaplain to Archbishop Grindall. He was consecrated to the sec of Carlisle July 23, 1598, and died at Hose Castle, June 19, 1616. He was buried iu Carlinle Cathedral. t Leonard Milbum, rector of Castle-Carrock, 1589 — 1635. He was brother to Bishop Milburn, of Carlisle. X White tythe was probably that which was not paid in kind, but in tilter money, whence the epithet. The moaning assigned in Burns and Nicolson's Hist. Westmoreland, to white maile seems to illustrate this explanation. The writer says that the word maile imports a tribute or rent in general. Black maile seems to have been commonly paid in cattle, as white maile was paid in silver. — Vol. i. xcviii. ii. See alao pp. 17, 18. OF THE LOnn WIU.IAM HOWAIttl, OF NAWOKTIl CASTLE. Tliomas Warwick by Randy Milbum for the half-yeare's rent of Warwick Mills, due at, Whitsunday lact, vj'. I'iij''. June 14, To Mr. Thomaa Warwicke and Randell Milbum for the lith of Nethei'ton for wool! and lambe, due at Midaomer next, sxvj*. viij^. 25. To Mr. Dacre for tythe by composition due for one yeare ended at Midaomer last, 1613, xij". Keceyved by me, Hugh Nelson. Mr. Gray, 11 of July. To the Master of the West Spittell, for rent due at Candellmaa last out of Nubiggin, XX*. 12, To Mr, Wakefild for one quarter due at Lummiu next, 1*. Octob- 16. To Mr, Bartram for the whole yeare's rent of Deale Mill, due at Michaelmas last, 1GI3, xxv°. iiij''. For Pattison'a land in Orraoaby {non solveml' ampiiua) for one year then ended, vj"". For Tweddall's land for one then [ended], iij'. X*. {non solvend' amplim). (Thomas Bartram) paid more to him for the free rent of Hubye, late Mr. MidtUeton's land, for one yeare ended at Michaelmas last {non mkemC amplius), xviij''. Nov. 14. To Mr. Thomas Warwick, for the rent of Warwick Mills, due at Martinmas last, vj', viij''. To Mary Tweddall by iier son Edward for the tyth of ij Broomes, v'.. for the waines, ' X'., for the Throp,* \'. viij''., due at St. Andrew's day next, in 1 toto, XX'. viij''. [/rt miirg., Eoward Tweuall.] 23 June [and] 24 KoT. To Mr. Orbell, for the half-yeare's rent of my Lord's louse in Carlyle,t due at Pentecost, vj', vij''. To Mr. Bernard Robinaon for the !ykc, duo at Martinmas, by an other quit- ttuice, with 4''. for the quittance, \j'. vij''. Iteeerab. 13. To Mr. Milburn for the titb hay of Geltsdale close due at Martin- mas, iij'. iiij''. 15. To Mr. Wakefield for half a j'ear endi'd at Gandohnas next inauing, v''. 26. To Mr. Oowpland for one yeare's tythes ended at Christemas, 1(313, vij''. ISy quittance ultimo Novemb. To Mr. George Middlelon of Barney Castell, by the hands of Mr, Thomas Salkeld and I-uwrcnce Cowpland, tot the rent of the tythes of Knypc.J for one yeare due at Mar- linmas, xxvij"'. — Utiwma io/fl/.'Ixxiiij'', xiiij'. xj". — Ea:per T/io. Cla^, Audilor. January 3.— For thacking Cumwhittan mill, x'. 14. Making I doiire at Caerlaltmi mill, xvj''. 22. Mcitding the llolemill lotk, iiij'', Feb, 2. iiij pycka and a checsell at Deulo mill, iij'. ;iiorp, a small villiige in thi: parish of liai ton aud insnor of Soclibri.lgi!. II lliu pnri.-li of Humpton, in W,s I mi in' In mi. Dr. EJmuud Uibsuii, llifl ;il ilishi>i> or Luniloii, was boi'ii ut lli;.-li Kminj. 58 THE HOUSEHOLD BOOKS liij*^. 14. For half a millstone for Warwick mills, xj*. vi 15. xij mill dishes, viij^. 23. Half a millstone at Warw mills, viij^ iiij*^. Leading the same, x^ vj*^. March 12®. Lj ing iij pykes at Carlatton mill, xviij*^. Bynding iij mill pec iij^ Laying a gudgeon at Hole mill, xvj^ 24. To Ch. Fid for an utter [outer] wheele for Carlatton mill, xxij". iij da; woorke at Gelt mill, ij^ vj*^. Ap. 3. <